Fig. 1.

Susceptibility profile of An. gambiae s.l. to clothianidin across Africa. A Mortality rate (%) of mosquitoes from various sites 7 days post-exposure to clothianidin dissolved in different solvents compared to the susceptible lab strain Kisumu. B Effect of pre-exposure to synergist PBO, DEM and DEF against clothianidin on An. gambiae from Nkolondom. Results are average of percentage mortalities from four–five replicates each. The bars represent the standard error on the mean (SEM), linear color dots indicate the threshold for resistance (red) and susceptibility (green). CMR Cameroon, DRC Democratic Republic of Congo, GH Ghana, UG Uganda