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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Sep 1.
Published in final edited form as: Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021 May 11;18(9):630–647. doi: 10.1038/s41575-021-00444-2

Fig. 2 |. Chemokines in the pathogenesis of alcohol-related injury.

Fig. 2 |

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and bacterial products brought in via splanchnic circulation along with damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) released by injured hepatocytes stimulate Kupffer cells (KCs) to release pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Immune cells and liver-resident cells respond to this paracrine stimulation by the production of chemokines. CXC chemokines are critical in the recruitment of neutrophils and CCL2 and CCL20 are important for the recruitment of circulating monocytes. Invading immune cells perpetuate injury to hepatocytes by a cell-mediated inflammatory response. CCRs, chemokine receptors; EC, endothelial cell; HSC, hepatic stellate cell; NF-kB, nuclear factor-kB; PAMPs, pathogen-associated molecular patterns; TLRs, Toll-Like receptors; TNF, tumour necrosis factor.