FIGURE 1.

Naringin accelerates neural differentiation of NSPCs in adult mouse hippocampus. (A) Estimated timeline for the process of adult hippocampal neurogenesis. (B) Diagram for testing proliferation-promoting effects of naringin (Ng) on early phase of hippocampal NSPCs for MCM2 analytic protocol. (C) Representative fluorescent imaging results of dual immunostaining cells of BrdU⁺ (red) and MCM2⁺ (green) at the hippocampal DG region in vehicle- and Ng-treated mice. Scale bar, 100 μm (D) Statistical analysis of BrdU⁺ cells in the hippocampus of vehicle- and Ng-treated mice at 24 h and 7-days post treatment (dpt). (E) Representative fluorescent imaging results of MCM2⁺ (green) and BrdU⁺ cells (red) in the hippocampal DG region. DAPI was used as a nuclear label (blue). Scale bar 100 μm (F) Statistical analysis of MCM2⁺ cells at 24 h and 7 dpt (n = 6 per group, two-way ANOVA, vs. vehicle, **p < 0.01). (G) Statistical analysis of MCM2⁺/BrdU⁺ cells at 24 h post treatment. (H) Diagram for studying effects of Ng on neural differentiation of NSPCs at late phase. BrdU was injected and then Ng treatment was started at day 15 for 5 consecutive days. (I) Representative fluorescent imaging results of co-immunostaining cells of NeuN⁺/BrdU⁺/DCX+ in the hippocampal DG region. Scale bar, 100 μm (J,K) Statistical analysis of dual-positive BrdU/DCX and BrdU/NeuN cells in the hippocampal DG region, respectively. (L) Representative fluorescent imaging results of co-immunostaining cells of NeuN⁺/BrdU⁺/DCX⁺ in ventral hippocampus. Scale bar, 100 μm. (M) Statistical analysis of dual-positive BrdU/DCX and BrdU/NeuN cells in the ventral hippocampal region. (N) Representative fluorescent imaging results of co-immunostaining cells of NeuN⁺/BrdU⁺/DCX⁺ in olfactory bulbs (OB) and subventricular zone (SVZ) from the sagittal angle. (O,P) Statistical analysis of dual-positive BrdU/DCX and BrdU/NeuN cells SVZ-OB region, respectively. n=6 per group, *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001.