Processing parameters and properties of CDs synthesized by green methods^a.

Carbon source	Method	Conditions	Size [nm]	N : C	O : C	Excitation [nm]	Emission [nm]	QY	Ref.
Eleocharis dulcis	Hydrothermal	120 °C, 5 h	3.0	0.05	0.33	380	458	11%	17
Azadirachta indica	Hydrothermal	150 °C, 4 h	3.2	0.09	0.12	340	467	27%	18
Maize	Hydrothermal	160 °C, 10 h	5.2	0.02	0.35	420	500	8%	19
Rose-heart radish	Hydrothermal	180 °C, 3 h	3.6	0.13	0.43	330	420	14%	20
Ocimum sanctum	Hydrothermal	180 °C, 4 h	2.4	0.18	0.35	450	500	9%	8
Scallion	Hydrothermal	180 °C, 12 h	3.5	0.12	0.27	320	418	3%	21
Strawberry	Hydrothermal	180 °C, 12 h	5.2	0.10	0.35	344	427	6%	22
Pomelo	Hydrothermal	200 °C, 3 h	2.9	0.06	0.35	365	444	7%	23
Willow	Hydrothermal	200 °C, 3 h	1.6	0.43	0.39	360	444	6%	12
Tulsi	Hydrothermal	200 °C, 4 h	5.0	0.10	0.89	360	435	3%	11
Citric acid, glutathione	Hydrothermal	200 °C, 4 h	6.1	0.20	0.26	340	432	75%	24
Citric acid, l-phenylalanine	Hydrothermal	200 °C, 8 h	11.9	0.14	0.36	350	413	65%	7
Citric acid, l-arginine	Hydrothermal	200 °C, 8 h	2.7	0.11	0.17	350	440	39%	25
Ginkgo	Hydrothermal	200 °C, 10 h	3.0	0.06	0.35	350	436	23%	6
Tamarindus indica	Hydrothermal	210 °C, 5 h	3.4	0.28	0.68	320	417	47%	26
Allium fistulosum	Hydrothermal	220 °C, 3 h	4.2	0.37	0.38	412	503	10%	27
Abelmoschus manihot	Hydrothermal	220 °C, 4 h	9.0	0.25	0.07	330	410	31%	9
Osmanthus fragrans	Hydrothermal	240 °C, 5 h	2.2	0.04	0.38	340	411	19%	28
Walnut	Solvothermal	220 °C, 24 h	12.3	0.05	1.12	360	430	15%	14
Watermelon	Dry heating	220 °C, 2 h	2.0	0.02	0.31	470	537	7%	29
Peanut	Dry heating	250 °C, 2 h	1.6	0.04	0.49	320	440	10%	30
Bamboo	Dry heating	300 °C, 3 h	11.0	0.06	1.00	313	419	5%	31
Glycine, urea	Microwave	800 W, 3 min	3.2	0.40	0.42	320	380	13%	15
Lotus	Microwave	800 W, 6 min	9.4	0.09	0.53	360	435	19%	16

^aQY = quantum yield.