Summary of the sensing properties of green-synthesized CDs^a.

Analyte	Method of detection	Limit of detection	Linear range	Ref.
As3+	FQ	2.3 nM	2–12 nM	54
ClO−	FQ	16 nM	10–90 μM	54
Cr6+	FQ	4.5 ppb	1.6–50 μM	11
Cu2+	FQ	10 nM	0–100 μM	55
Fe2+	FQ	180 nM	0–18 μM	19
Fe3+	FQ	5 nM	0.01–50 μM	28
H2O2	AI	35 μM	100–500 μM	18
Hg2+	FQ	0.23 nM	0.5–10 nM	23
2,4,6-Trinitrophenol	FQ	5 nM	0.025–40 μM	9
Adenosine triphosphate	FI	5 nM	0.01–450 μM	33
Ascorbic acid	AI	1.773 μM	5–40 μM	18
Dimercaptosuccinic acid	FI	1.4 ng mL−1	2.5–22.5 ng mL−1	56
Chlortetracycline	FQ	0.078 μg mL−1	0.85–20.38 μg mL−1	25
Cysteamine	FQ	75.6 nM	10–210 μM	57
Doxorubicin	FQ	0.4 ng mL−1	1–400 ng mL−1	58
Glutathione	FI	1.7 μM	0–20 μM	26
Glyphosate	FI	12 ng mL−1	0.025–2.5 μg mL−1	59
Imipramine	FQ	0.6 ng mL−1	1.0–200.0 ng mL−1	34
Methotrexate	FQ	7 nM	0.02–18.0 μM	10
Morin	FQ	0.12 μM	0.4–60 μM	15
Penicillamine	FQ	0.02 μg mL−1	0.05–13.0 μg mL−1	60
Prilocaine	FQ	1.8 nM	2.3–400 nM	61
Pyridine	FI	210 nM	0.5–4.1 μM	62
Salazosulfapyridine	FQ	40 nM	0.1–80 μM	6
Sulfasalazine	FQ	0.032 μg mL−1	0.34–6.76 μg mL−1	25
Trifluralin	FQ	0.5 nM	0.050–200 μM	63
Zoledronic acid	FI	40 nM	0.1–10 μM	35

^aFQ = fluorescence quenching, FI = fluorescence increase, AI = absorbance increase.