FIGURE 1.

Betaine improves glucose and lipid metabolism in high-fat diet dams. Dams were analyzed after weaning. (A) General picture of body composition; (B) body weight (left) and body composition (right) changes during the betaine treatment; (C) oral glucose tolerance test (left) and the area under the curve (right); (D) fasting plasma glucose; (E) fasting insulin level; (F) HOMA-IR; (G) FFAs. Ctr, standard control diet; HF, high-fat diet; HFB, high-fat diet with betaine; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; FFAs, free fatty acids. Data are expressed as means ± S.E.M. (n = 4–6/group). One-way and two-way ANOVA; *p < 0.05 and **p < 0.01 vs. Ctr, #p < 0.05 and ##p < 0.01 vs. HF.