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. 2022 Apr 5;13:809642. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.809642

FIGURE 5.

FIGURE 5

Maternal betaine protects 20-week-old offspring from glucose and lipid metabolic disorders induced by early-life high-fat diet. Offspring mice were analyzed at 20 weeks of age. (A) General picture of body composition; (B) body weight (left) and body composition (right) changes; (C) oral glucose tolerance test (left) and the area under the curve (right); (D) insulin tolerance test (left) and the area under the curve (right); (E) fasting plasma glucose; (F) fasting insulin level; (G) HOMA-IR; (H) FFAs. Ctr.20, 20-week-old offspring of dams fed with the standard control diet; HF.20, 20-week-old offspring of dams fed with the high-fat diet; HFB.20, 20-week-old offspring of dams fed with the high-fat diet with betaine. HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; FFAs, free fatty acids. Data are expressed as means ± S.E.M. (n = 5–8/group). One-way and two-way ANOVA; **p < 0.01 vs. Ctr, #p < 0.05 vs. HF.