Raman shifts for the spike (S) protein.
| Raman shift (cm−1) | Assignation |
|---|---|
| 410.5 | Tryptophan or histidine |
| 432 | l-Tyr |
| 442.6 | Glucose |
| 478.0 | N-Acetyl-glucosamine |
| 498.85 | S–S bond (α/β) |
| 510.96a | Phosphorylated protein and lipids |
| 528.7 | S–S bond (α-helix) |
| 545.5 | S–S bond (β-sheet) |
| 601.0 | Phe |
| 633.8 | Trp |
| 651.7 | Tyr (α-helix) |
| 678.44 | Trp |
| 716.5a | Phospholipids |
| 786.04 | Histidine |
| 801.1 | Trp |
| 849.0 | Tyr doublet |
| 875.8 | Tryptophan |
| 891.9a | Mono and disaccharides C–O–C skeletal modes |
| 920.3a | Glucose/glycogen |
| 1033.1 | Phe |
| 1050.2a | C–N and C–C protein stretching |
| 1081.0 | Histidine |
| 1100.2 | Trp, galactosamine |
| 1115.6 | ν-C–C aliphitic |
| 1128.0a | Trp, Phe |
| 1150.2a | Glycogen |
| 1220.1 | Phe |
| 1250.7a | Amide III |
| 1270.7 | α-Helix amide III |
| 1305.9 | Phe |
| 1320.0a | Amide III (α-helix structures) |
| 1356.7 | Trp, Cα–H deformation |
| 1383.9 | C–H rocking in lipids |
| 1449.8a | Fatty acids, C–H stretching of glycoproteins |
| 1463.7 | C–H deformation |
a
Indicates the peaks are also present on the Covid spectrum.