Fig. 11. (a) Antibiofilm activity of the synthesized RGO-NiO nanocomposite against Bacillus subtilis determined using the test tube method. The steps were reported as (I) growth of the bacterial cells and biofilm formation (rings) without the synthesized RGO-NiO nanocomposite treatment and the inhibition of bacterial growth after treatment with RGO-NiO nanocomposite, (II) staining of the adherent bacterial cells with crystal violet and (III) removing and dissolving the adherent bacterial cells using ethanol for semi-quantitative biofilm inhibition (%) determination (as shown in Table 2), and (b) antibiofilm potential of the synthesized RGO-NiO, RGO-AgO, and RGO-ZnO nanocomposites against different pathogenic microbes (inhibition%).