Antimicrobial activity and MIC of the RGO-NiO, RGO-AgO, and RGO-ZnO nanocomposites against different pathogenic bacterial and fungal strainsa.
| Test organism | RGO-NiO | RGO-AgO | RGO-ZnO | AMC/nystatin | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IZ (mm) | MIC µg ml−1 | IZ (mm) | MIC µg ml−1 | IZ (mm) | MIC µg ml−1 | IZ (mm) | MIC µg ml−1 | |
| E. coli | 21.7 ± 0.58f | 250 | 20.8 ± 0.76e | 250 | 19.0 ± 0.55e | 125 | 15.3 ± 0.46d | 250 |
| P. aeruginosa | 32.3 ± 1.53b,c,d | 500 | 25.7 ± 0.58d | 125 | 29.1 ± 0.40b | 250 | 21.0 ± 1.00c | 500 |
| S. aureus | 30.2 ± 0.76d,e | 125 | 26.4 ± 0.53d | 250 | 25.2 ± 0.85d | 125 | 29.5 ± 0.50b | 250 |
| B. subtilis | 38.5 ± 0.50a | 3.9 | 30.5 ± 0.87b,c | 15.62 | 28.8 ± 0.98b,c | 7.81 | 26.0 ± 1.00a | 31.25 |
| C. albicans | 19.3 ± 0.58f | 62.5 | 17.0 ± 0.45f | 125 | 16.8 ± 0.72f | 15.62 | 11.3 ± 0.58f | 125 |
| C. neoformans | 30.7 ± 1.15c,d,e | 31.25 | 29.6 ± 0.69c | 62.5 | 27.2 ± 0.68b,c,d | 125 | 19.8 ± 0.68c | 250 |
| A. terreus | 29.3 ± 0.64e | 7.81 | 31.7 ± 0.58b | 3.9 | 29.2 ± 0.76b | 7.81 | 12.3 ± 0.61f | 125 |
| A. niger | 32.7 ± 0.52b,c | 0.97 | 34.2 ± 0.72a | 1.95 | 28.8 ± 0.72b,c | 1.95 | 14.6 ± 0.66d,e | 62.5 |
| A. fumigatus | 31.3 ± 0.58b,c,d,e | 0.97 | 29.5 ± 0.50c | 3.9 | 26.9 ± 0.85c,d | 1.95 | 12.0 ± 0.70f | 62.5 |
| A. flavus | 33.4 ± 0.66b | 1.95 | 35.2 ± 0.68a | 15.62 | 31.7 ± 0.46a | 0.97 | 12.7 ± 0.52e,f | 125 |
a
IZ: inhibition zone, MIC: minimum inhibition concentration, AMC: amoxicillin/clavulanic acid. Values are presented as mean ± SD (n = 3). Data within the groups are analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by a, b, c, d, e, f Duncan's multiple range test (DMRT).