Semi-quantitative analysis of the inhibition of biofilm formation in bacterial and yeast pathogens treated without and with the RGO-NiO, RGO-AgO, and RGO-ZnO nanocompositesa.
| Test organism | O.D. of crystal violet stain at 570.0 nm | Inhibition% | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control | RGO-NiO | RGO-AgO | RGO-ZnO | RGO-NiO | RGO-AgO | RGO-ZnO | |
| E. coli | 0.808d ± 0.0080 | 0.399c ± 0.0021 | 0.488c ± 0.0062 | 0.499b ± 0.0080 | 62.64 | 49.01 | 47.32 |
| P. aeruginosa | 0.950a ± 0.0062 | 0.122e ± 0.0047 | 0.195e ± 0.0047 | 0.189d ± 0.0046 | 91.74 | 83.65 | 84.32 |
| S. aureus | 0.945b ± 0.0070 | 0.445b ± 0.0053 | 0.541b ± 0.0036 | 0.599a ± 0.0025 | 55.98 | 45.23 | 38.74 |
| B. subtilis | 0.454f ± 0.0025 | 0.259d ± 0.0062 | 0.287d ± 0.0053 | 0.299c ± 0.0025 | 94.60 | 81.02 | 75.20 |
| C. albicans | 0.789e ± 0.0046 | 0.478a ± 0.0036 | 0.555a ± 0.0062 | 0.559a ± 0.0080 | 49.95 | 37.58 | 36.94 |
| C. neoformans | 0.845 c,d ± 0.0046 | 0.145e ± 0.0036 | 0.195e ± 0.0047 | 0.178e ± 0.0021 | 98.03 | 91.03 | 93.41 |
a
Values are presented as mean ± SD (n = 3). Data within the groups are analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by a, b, c, d, e, f Duncan's multiple range test (DMRT).