Table 2.
Distribution of food intake and diet quality (DBI) for pregnant women according to COVID-19 pandemic severity.
| Low-severity | P-value† | Moderate-severity | P-value§ | High-severity | P-value‡ | Total population | P-value* | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (158) | (n = 3,425) | (n = 95) | (n = 3,678) | |||||
| Cereals/potatoes | 0.574 | 0.069 | 0.397 | 0.176 | ||||
| Inadequate | 32 (20.3) | 816 (23.8) | 13 (13.7) | 861 (23.4) | ||||
| Appropriate | 14 (8.9) | 275 (8.0) | 8 (8.4) | 297 (8.1) | ||||
| Excessive | 112 (70.9) | 2,334 (68.1) | 74 (77.9) | 2,520 (68.5) | ||||
| Vegetables | 0.083 | <0.001 | 0.035 | <0.001 | ||||
| Inadequate | 109 (69.0) | 2,129 (62.2) | 77 (81.1) | 2,315 (62.9) | ||||
| Appropriate | 49 (31.0) | 1,296 (37.8) | 18 (18.9) | 1,363 (37.1) | ||||
| Fruit intake | 0.224 | 0.927 | 0.400 | 0.474 | ||||
| Inadequate | 63 (39.9) | 1,534 (44.8) | 43 (45.3) | 1,640 (44.6) | ||||
| Appropriate | 95 (60.1) | 1,891 (55.2) | 52 (54.7) | 2,038 (55.4) | ||||
| Livestock/poultry meat | 0.294 | 0.014 | 0.004 | 0.023 | ||||
| Inadequate | 72 (45.6) | 1,771 (51.7) | 62 (65.3) | 1,905 (51.8) | ||||
| Appropriate | 24 (15.2) | 494 (14.4) | 14 (14.7) | 532 (14.5) | ||||
| Excessive | 62 (39.2) | 1,160 (33.9) | 19 (20.0) | 1,241 (33.7) | ||||
| Fish/shrimp | 0.789 | 0.084 | 0.175 | 0.220 | ||||
| Inadequate | 142 (89.9) | 3,055 (89.2) | 90 (94.7) | 3,287 (89.4) | ||||
| Appropriate | 16 (10.1) | 370 (10.8) | 5 (5.3) | 391 (10.6) | ||||
| Eggs | 0.293 | 0.770 | 0.802 | 0.572 | ||||
| Inadequate | 96 (60.8) | 2,287 (66.8) | 61 (64.2) | 2,444 (66.4) | ||||
| Appropriate | 16 (10.1) | 293 (8.6) | 10 (10.5) | 319 (8.7) | ||||
| Excessive | 46 (29.1) | 845 (24.7) | 24 (25.3) | 915 (24.9) | ||||
| Nuts | 0.913 | 0.151 | 0.221 | 0.352 | ||||
| Inadequate | 84 (53.2) | 1,836 (53.6) | 58 (61.1) | 1,978 (53.8) | ||||
| Appropriate | 74 (46.8) | 1,589 (46.4) | 37 (38.9) | 1,700 (46.2) | ||||
| Dairy | 0.911 | 0.692 | 0.800 | 0.920 | ||||
| Inadequate | 138 (87.3) | 2,981 (87.0) | 84 (88.4) | 3,203 (87.1) | ||||
| Appropriate | 20 (12.7) | 444 (13.0) | 11 (11.6) | 475 (12.9) | ||||
| Dietary variety score | 0.150 | 0.370 | 0.094 | 0.204 | ||||
| 0 | 16 (10.1) | 234 (6.8) | 3 (3.2) | 253 (6.9) | ||||
| −1 to −5 | 128 (81.0) | 2,771 (80.9) | 80 (84.2) | 2,979 (81.0) | ||||
| −6 to −10 | 14 (8.9) | 420 (12.3) | 12 (12.6) | 446 (12.1) | ||||
| HBS | 0.482 | 0.088 | 0.076 | 0.166 | ||||
| No problem | 30 (19.0) | 681 (19.9) | 16 (16.8) | 727 (19.8) | ||||
| Almost no problem | 25 (15.8) | 708 (20.7) | 24 (25.3) | 757 (20.6) | ||||
| Low level problem | 27 (17.1) | 522 (15.2) | 22 (23.2) | 571 (15.5) | ||||
| Moderate level problem | 39 (24.7) | 854 (24.9) | 22 (23.2) | 915 (24.9) | ||||
| High level problem | 37 (23.4) | 660 (19.3) | 11 (11.6) | 708 (19.2) | ||||
| LBS | 0.477 | 0.788 | 0.552 | 0.725 | ||||
| No problem | 1 (0.6) | 14 (0.4) | NA | 15 (0.4) | ||||
| Almost no problem | 32 (20.3) | 560 (16.4) | 12 (12.6) | 604 (16.4) | ||||
| Low level problem | 86 (54.4) | 1,979 (57.8) | 57 (60.0) | 2,122 (57.7) | ||||
| Moderate level problem | 33 (20.9) | 680 (19.9) | 22 (23.2) | 735 (20.0) | ||||
| High level problem | 6 (3.8) | 192 (5.6) | 4 (4.2) | 202 (5.5) | ||||
| DQD | 0.635 | 0.849 | 0.562 | 0.861 | ||||
| Almost no problem | 2 (1.3) | 30 (0.9) | NA | 32 (0.9) | ||||
| Low level problem | 56 (35.4) | 1,198 (35.0) | 36 (37.9) | 1,290 (35.1) | ||||
| Moderate level problem | 86 (54.4) | 1,801 (52.6) | 47 (49.5) | 1,934 (52.6) | ||||
| High level problem | 14 (8.9) | 396 (11.6) | 12 (12.6) | 422 (11.5) |
DBI, diet balance index; COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; HBS, high bound score; LBS, low bound score; DQD, diet quality distances; NA, not applicable.
Statistically significant difference between †First vs. second trimester; §Second vs. third trimester; ‡First vs. third trimester; *First vs. second vs. third trimester (p < 0.05). The data are presented as frequency (percentages). Percentages may not total 100 because of rounding.