Table 3.
Associations of diet quality (HBS) with COCID-19 pandemic severity, demographic factors, and health-related behaviors.
| HBS (n = 3,678) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β coefficient (SE) | 95% CIa | Wald χ2 | P-value | OR | 95% CIb | |
| COVID-19 pandemic severity | ||||||
| High-severityc | −0.622 (0.273) | −1.156 to −0.088 | 5.206 | 0.023 | 0.537 | 0.315–0.916 |
| Moderate-severityc | −0.375 (0.156) | −0.681 to −0.068 | 5.743 | 0.017 | 0.687 | 0.506–0.934 |
| Region | ||||||
| Northd | −0.314 (0.073) | −0.458 to −0.170 | 18.269 | <0.001 | 0.731 | 0.633–0.844 |
| Educational level | ||||||
| College degree or abovee | 0.077 (0.141) | −0.199 to 0.353 | 0.300 | 0.584 | 1.080 | 0.820–1.423 |
| Senior school or technical secondary schoole | 0.385 (0.163) | 0.066–0.703 | 5.598 | 0.018 | 1.470 | 1.068–2.020 |
| Hyperthyroidism in pregnancy | ||||||
| Nof | 0.316 (0.176) | −0.029 to 0.661 | 3.213 | 0.073 | 1.372 | 0.971–1.937 |
| Yesf | 0.737 (0.280) | 0.187–1.286 | 6.900 | 0.009 | 2.090 | 1.206–3.618 |
| Physical activity (MET-hours/week) | 0.002 (0.000) | 0.001–0.003 | 13.870 | <0.001 | 1.002 | 1.001–1.003 |
| Frequency of intake of calcium supplements | ||||||
| Noneg | 0.259 (0.229) | −0.189 to 0.707 | 1.289 | 0.256 | 1.296 | 0.828–2.028 |
| 1 time per dayg | 0.391 (0.227) | −0.054 to 0.836 | 2.968 | 0.085 | 1.478 | 0.947–2.307 |
| 4–5 times per weekg | 0.532 (0.259) | 0.024–1.040 | 4.212 | 0.040 | 1.702 | 1.024–2.829 |
| 2–3 times per weekg | 0.059 (0.263) | −0.456 to 0.574 | 0.051 | 0.822 | 1.061 | 0.634–1.775 |
HBS, high bound score; COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; SE, standard error; CI confidence interval; OR, odds ratio; MET, metabolic equivalent.
95% CI for β coefficient.
95% CI for OR.
Compared to low-severity.
Compared to south.
Compared to less than senior school.
Compared to not knowing.
Compared to 1–2 times per month.
HBS was divided into three levels as dependent variables: no problem and almost no problem (control): 0–4; low and moderate level problem: 5–12; high level problem: 13–20. Adjusted for age, region, pre-pregnancy BMI, educational level, monthly income, assisted reproductive technology, gestational anemia, hyperthyroidism, and gestational diabetes mellitus, physical activity, the number of visits to hospital, the number of ways to acquire self-care and parenting knowledge, frequency of use of household fetal heart monitor, and frequency of intake of nutritional supplements (folic acid, and calcium). The multivariate ordinal logistic regression was performed for HBS. Statistically significant association (p < 0.05).