Table 4.
Associations of diet quality (LBS, DQD) with COVID-19 pandemic severity, demographic factors, and health-related behaviors.
| LBS (n = 3,678) | DQD (n = 3,678) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β coefficient (SE) | 95% CI | P-value | β coefficient (SE) | 95% CI | p-value | |
| COVID-19 pandemic severity | ||||||
| High-severitya | 3.020 (1.190) | 0.687–5.354 | 0.011 | – | – | – |
| Moderate-severitya | 1.517 (0.688) | 0.168–2.866 | 0.028 | – | – | – |
| Region | ||||||
| Southb | −1.018 (0.318) | −1.640 to −0.395 | 0.001 | – | – | – |
| Educational level | ||||||
| College degree or abovec | −3.388 (0.609) | −4.582 to −2.194 | <0.001 | −3.444 (0.521) | −4.467 to −2.422 | <0.001 |
| Senior school or technical secondary schoolc | −2.130 (0.711) | −3.524 to −0.735 | 0.003 | −1.206 (0.616) | −2.413 to 0.001 | 0.050 |
| Monthly income (RMB) | ||||||
| >10,000d | −1.879 (0.519) | −2.896 to −0.863 | <0.001 | −1.830 (0.447) | −2.707 to −0.954 | <0.001 |
| 5,000–10,000d | −1.035 (0.326) | −1.674 to −0.397 | 0.001 | −1.281 (0.281) | −1.832 to −0.730 | <0.001 |
| Assisted reproductive technology | ||||||
| Yese | −1.272 (0.502) | −2.257 to −0.287 | 0.011 | −1.338 (0.401) | −2.125 to −0.552 | 0.001 |
| Anemia in pregnancy | ||||||
| Not knowinge | 1.468 (0.646) | 0.201–2.735 | 0.023 | 1.090 (0.558) | −0.004 to 2.183 | 0.051 |
| Hyperthyroidism in pregnancy | ||||||
| Yese | – | – | – | 1.706 (0.861) | 0.017–3.395 | 0.048 |
| Not knowinge | 2.273 (0.734) | 0.833–3.713 | 0.002 | 1.807 (0.635) | 0.562–3.053 | 0.004 |
| Diabetes mellitus in pregnancy | ||||||
| Yese | – | – | – | −0.768 (0.370) | −1.494 to −0.042 | 0.038 |
| Physical activity (MET-hours/week) | −0.007 (0.002) | −0.011 to −0.003 | 0.001 | – | – | – |
| The number of visits to hospital | ||||||
| 0f | −1.103 (0.477) | −2.037 to −0.168 | 0.021 | −0.826 (0.364) | −1.539 to −0.112 | 0.023 |
| 1–2f | −0.775 (0.329) | −1.420 to −0.129 | 0.019 | – | – | – |
| The number of ways to acquire self-care and parenting knowledge | ||||||
| 3g | 1.155 (0.305) | 0.558–1.753 | <0.001 | 1.217 (0.263) | 0.701–1.733 | <0.001 |
| Frequency of use of household fetal heart monitor | ||||||
| ≥1 times per dayh | −1.019 (0.570) | −2.136 to 0.098 | 0.074 | −1.067 (0.488) | −2.024 to −0.110 | 0.029 |
| 4–5 times per weekh | −2.383 (0.815) | −3.982 to −0.784 | 0.003 | −1.750 (0.702) | −3.126 to −0.374 | 0.013 |
| 2–3 times per weekh | −0.947 (0.572) | −2.068 to 0.174 | 0.098 | −1.511 (0.492) | −2.477 to −0.545 | 0.002 |
| 1–2 times per monthh | −0.921 (0.468) | −1.838 to −0.003 | 0.049 | – | – | – |
| Frequency of intake of folic acid supplements | ||||||
| 4–5 times per weeki | −2.640 (0.827) | −4.261 to −1.019 | 0.001 | −1.229 (0.711) | −2.623 to 0.164 | 0.084 |
| Frequency of intake of calcium supplements | ||||||
| 1 time per dayi | −1.449 (0.298) | −2.034 to −0.864 | <0.001 | −1.076 (0.266) | −1.598 to −0.553 | <0.001 |
| 2–3 times per weeki | – | – | – | −1.200 (0.568) | −2.313 to −0.086 | 0.035 |
| R 2 | 0.060 | 0.075 | ||||
LBS, low bound score; DQD, diet quality distance; COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; SE, standard error; CI, confidence interval; MET, metabolic equivalent.
Compared to low-severity.
Compared to north.
Compared to less than senior school.
Compared to <5,000.
Compared to no.
Compared to ≥3.
Compared to >3.
Compared to none.
Compared to 1–2 times per month.
Adjusted for age, region, pre-pregnancy BMI, educational level, monthly income, assisted reproductive technology, gestational anemia, hyperthyroidism, and gestational diabetes mellitus, physical activity, the number of visits to hospital, the number of ways to acquire self-care and parenting knowledge, frequency of use of household fetal heart monitor, and frequency of intake of nutritional supplements (folic acid, and calcium). –indicates the variable has been excluded from the model. The multivariate linear regression was performed for LBS and DQD. Statistically significant association (p < 0.05).