Overexpression of circGSE1 can promote blood flow recovery and angiogenesis in ageing mice. (A) Imaging of blood flow through the mouse femoral artery 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days after surgery (n=5). (B) The blood flow through the mouse ischaemic limbs was detected, and the results are expressed as the ratio of the perfusion of the left limb (ischaemic) to that of the right limb (control, nonischaemic) on the 7th, 14th, and 21st days after the surgery (n=5). (C) qRT-PCR analysis of circGSE1 and mi323-5p expression in the ischaemic left lower limb gastrocnemius muscles in the young mouse group, old mouse circGSE1 overexpression group and old mouse PBS group compared to the old mouse NC group; expression levels were normalized to that of GAPDH. (D, E) Representative images of HE, anti-CD31 and anti-NRP1 immunohistochemical staining of mouse left lower limb gastrocnemius muscles. The CD31 and NRP1 expression levels in the young mouse group, old mouse circGSE1 overexpression group and old mouse PBS group were compared to those in the old mouse NC group (n=5, scale bar, 100 μm) (The data are expressed as the mean ± SD, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01). (F) Schematic diagram of the mechanism by which circGSE1 promotes angiogenesis in ageing mice.