Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of the study participants
| Composite Outcome (ICU, Mechanical Ventilation, or Death) |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| All Participants | No | Yes | P-Value | |
| n | 211 | 123 | 88 | |
| Age, yr | 58 ± 16 | 57 ± 16 | 60 ± 16 | 0.104 |
| Female, n (%) | 104 (49) | 65 (53) | 39 (44) | 0.279 |
| Smoking, n (%) | 21 (10) | 12 (10) | 9 (10) | 1.000 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 30.0 ± 8.6 | 29.4 ± 8.3 | 30.5 ± 8.8 | 0.474 |
| Comorbidities on admission, n (%) | ||||
| Obesity | 63 (30) | 35 (28) | 28 (32) | 0.796 |
| Hypertension | 124 (59) | 68 (55) | 56 (63) | 0.283 |
| DM | 78 (37) | 40 (33) | 38 (43) | 0.150 |
| Asthma | 12 (6) | 7 (6) | 5 (6) | 1.000 |
| COPD | 12 (6) | 7 (6) | 5 (6) | 1.000 |
| CAD | 19 (9) | 9 (7) | 10 (11) | 0.442 |
| CKD | 32 (15) | 13 (11) | 19 (22) | 0.044 |
| AMI | 13 (6) | 7 (6) | 6 (7) | 0.963 |
| Malignancies | 21 (10) | 13 (11) | 8 (9) | 0.916 |
| Autoimmune diseases | 12 (6) | 8 (7) | 4 (5) | 0.769 |
| Liver transplant | 3 (1) | 3 (2) | 2 (2) | 0.378 |
| Kidney transplant | 14 (7) | 5 (4) | 9 (10) | 0.131 |
| Lung transplant | 1 (<1) | 1 (1) | 2 (2) | 1.00 |
| Presentation on admission | ||||
| Body temperature, °C | 36.2 ± 2.4 | 36.2 ± 3.1 | 36.3 ± 0.9 | 0.612 |
| % | 94 ± 4 | 94 ± 4 | 94 ± 4 | 0.394 |
| Systolic BP, mmHg | 127 ± 17 | 127 ± 17 | 126 ± 18 | 0.623 |
| Diastolic BP, mmHg | 77 ± 12 | 77 ± 12 | 77 ± 12 | 0.757 |
| Initial laboratory markers | ||||
| Creatinine, mg/dL | 0.9 [0.7–1.3] | 0.9 [0.7–1.2] | 1.0 [0.8–1.5] | 0.224 |
| CRP, mg/L | 78 [39–139] | 72 [30–112] | 87 [55–179]*** | 0.001 |
| Hemoglobin, g/L | 12.8 [11.2–14.1] | 12.8 [11.4–14.1] | 12.9 [11.1–14.2] | 0.302 |
| Platelet, ×103/mm3 | 218 [162–300] | 219 [159–300] | 217 [168–299] | 0.479 |
| D-dimer, ng/mL | 975 [608–2,114] | 949 [535–2,086] | 1,076 [736–2,171] | 0.739 |
| Troponin, ng/mL | 0.012 [0.007–0.027] | 0.009 [0.006–0.020] | 0.016 [0.008–0.047] | 0.375 |
Values are means ± SD or [interquartile range]. AMI, acute myocardial infarction; BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure. CAD, coronary artery disease. CKD, chronic kidney disease. COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CRP, C-reactive protein; DM, diabetes mellitus; %, blood oxygen saturation at hospital’s admission. Continuous data are presented as means ± SD (age, BMI, body temperature, and %) or median (interquartile range) (initial laboratory markers). Categorical data are presented as counts and percentages. ***P ≤ 0.001 between groups.