EXHIBIT 1.

Characteristics and service use of immigrant and US-born essential workers, 2019

	Immigrant		US born
	Weighted no.	Percent	Weighted no.	Percent
Nationwide total	19,822,072	100.0	91,828,517	100.0
Age, years
18–64	18,385,076	92.8	83,666,951	91.1
65+	1,436,996	7.2	8,161,566	8.9
Sex
Male	10,569,875	53.3	47,229,639	51.4
Female	9,252,197	46.7	44,598,878	48.6
Race/ethnicity
Asian/Pacific Islander	5,207,673	26.3	1,682,046	1.8
Black/African American	2,012,818	10.2	12,866,082	14.0
Hispanic	9,533,703	48.1	11,267,097	12.3
White	2,701,375	13.6	63171535	68.8
Other racea	366,503	1.8	2,841,757	3.1
Insurance
Medicaid	2,295,215	11.6	9,381,926	10.2
Medicare	1,363,478	6.9	9,068,032	9.9
Private	11,844,146	59.8	63,600,531	69.3
VHA (or other public)	18,506	0.1	367,078	0.4
Uninsuredb	4,300,727	21.7	9,410,950	10.2
SNAP recipient	2,223,140	11.2	9,555,010	10.4
Welfare recipientc	142,159	0.7	1,031,992	1.1
Primary language at home
English	2,924,001	14.8	82,421,616	89.8
Spanish	9,148,244	46.2	7,285,473	7.9
Other	7,749,827	39.1	2,121,428	2.3
Family income as percent of federal poverty level
<201%	5,656,029	28.7	20,042,723	22.3
201–400%	6,610,118	33.6	28,293,245	31.4
>400%	7,410,616	37.7	41,632,435	46.3
Citizenship status
Naturalized citizen	9,973,935	50.3	—d	—d
Noncitizen	9,848,137	49.7	—d	—d

SOURCE Authors’ analysis of data from the 2019 American Community Survey. NOTES Immigrant essential workers are noncitizens and naturalized US citizens ages 18 and older employed in essential jobs. Unweighted sample sizes: for immigrants, 160,740; for US born, 922,201. SNAP is Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program. VHA is Veterans Health Administration.

^aIncludes Native American/Alaska Native, more than one race, and “other” identified races.

^bIncludes people covered only by the Indian Health Service.

^cAsked only for people ages 15 and older.

^dNot applicable.