EXHIBIT 2.

Characteristics and service use of immigrant essential workers and their household members who were at risk for immigration sanctions because of the public charge rule change, 2019

	Immigrant essential workers at risk				Household members of essential workers at risk		Total at risk (workers + household members)
	Noncitizens	Citizens in mixed-status households	Total workers at risk
	Weighted no.	Weighted no.	Weighted no.	Percent	Weighted no.	Percent	Weighted no.
Nationwide total	9,848,137	2,411,052	12,259,189	100.0	18,923,868	100.0	31,183,057
Age, years
<18	—a	—a	—a	—a	9,154,015	48.4	9,154,015
18–64	9,520,184	2,239,242	11,759,426	95.9	8,705,703	46.0	20,465,129
65+	327,953	171,810	499,763	4.1	1,064,150	5.6	1,563,913
Sex
Male	5,609,095	1,290,516	6,899,611	56.3	9,115,333	48.2	16,014,944
Female	4,239,042	1,120,536	5,359,578	43.7	9,808,535	51.8	15,168,113
Race/ethnicity
Asian/Pacific Islander	2,055,757	686,651	2,742,408	22.4	3,180,089	16.8	5,922,497
Black/African American	737,228	350,773	1,088,001	8.9	1,464,444	7.7	2,552,445
Hispanic	5,911,823	1,141,337	7,053,160	57.5	11,630,574	61.5	18,683,734
White	991,102	192,084	1,183,186	9.7	2,196,394	11.6	3,379,580
Other raceb	152,227	40,207	192,434	1.6	452,367	2.4	644,801
Insurance
Medicaid	1,219,517	357,020	1,576,537	12.9	6,753,406	35.7	8,329,943
Medicare	290,574	165,021	455,595	3.7	1,099,429	5.8	1,555,024
Private	4,992,263	1,540,547	6,532,810	53.3	7,546,073	39.9	14,078,883
VHA (or other public)	4,430	3,277	7,707	0.1	14,232	0.1	21,939
Uninsuredc	3,341,353	345,187	3,686,540	30.1	3,510,728	18.6	7,197,268
SNAP recipient	1,253,255	316,563	1,569,818	12.8	3,533,571	18.7	5,103,389
Welfare recipientd	70,494	18,300	88,794	0.7	127,843	1.1	216,637
Primary language at home
English	1,006,122	254,981	1,261,103	10.3	3,116,888	19.1	4,377,991
Spanish	5,736,970	1,109,220	6,846,190	55.8	9,425,315	57.7	16,271,505
Other	3,105,045	1,046,851	4,151,896	33.9	3,802,336	23.3	7,954,232
Family income as percent of federal poverty level
<201%	3,659,852	603,305	4,263,157	35.1	8,294,095	43.9	12,557,252
201–400%	3,431,065	953,313	4,384,378	36.1	6,283,152	33.3	10,667,530
>400%	2,654,911	854,434	3,509,345	28.9	4,307,853	22.8	7,817,198
Citizenship status
US born	—a	—a	—a	—a	11,629,850	61.5	11,629,850
Naturalized citizen	—a	2,411,052	2,411,052	19.7	1,585,368	8.4	3,996,420
Noncitizen	9,848,137	—a	9,848,137	80.3	5,706,063	30.2	15,554,200

SOURCE Authors’ analysis of data from the 2019 American Community Survey. NOTES Household members of essential workers at risk include any person living in a household with a noncitizen essential worker or in a household with a naturalized citizen essential worker and at least one noncitizen. Column excludes these essential workers to avoid double counting. Immigrant essential workers are noncitizens and naturalized US citizens employed in essentialjobs. Mixed-status households are those with a naturalized citizen essential worker and at least one noncitizen. Unweighted sample sizes: Noncitizens, 71,483; citizens in mixed-status households, 19,492; total workers at risk, 90,975; household members, 137,686; and total at risk, 228,661. SNAP is Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program. VHA is Veterans Health Administration.

^aNot applicable.

^bIncludes Native American/Alaska Native, more than one race, and “other” identified races.

^cIncludes people covered only by the Indian Health Service.

^dAsked only for people ages 15 and older.