Table 1.
Sample characteristics
| Variables | Overall N=4,898 Mean (SD) or % (n) |
White N=2,920 Mean (SD) or % (n) |
Black N=1,426 Mean (SD) or % (n) |
Other Race N=552 Mean (SD) or % (n) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sociodemographic Characteristics | ||||
| Child female | 49.4 (2417) | 49.2 (1436) | 50 (713) | 48.6 (268) |
| Mother married | 79.3 (3884) | 92.1 (2689) | 51.9 (740) | 82.4 (455) |
| Mother’s age (years) | 28.3 (5.1) | 28.7 (5.2) | 27.7 (4.9) | 27.9 (5.5) |
| Number of children | 1.0 (1.2) | 0.8 (0.9) | 1.3 (1.3) | 1.3 (1.4) |
| Incomea (USD) | 64,020 (60,260) | 79,538 (64,799) | 36,569 (39,412) | 52,844 (51,582) |
| Mother’s education | ||||
| Less than high school | 12.8 (626) | 7.3 (214) | 18.8 (268) | 26.1 (144) |
| High school | 34.6 (1694) | 31.6 (924) | 40.7 (580) | 34.4 (190) |
| College | 27.8 (1362) | 27.8 (813) | 29.7 (423) | 22.8 (126) |
| More than college | 24.8 (1216) | 33.2 (969) | 10.9 (155) | 16.7 (92) |
| EITC eligible | 21.5 (1051) | 13.0 (379) | 34.6 (493) | 32.4 (179) |
| EITC benefit size (USD) | 1,937 (1,623) | 1,766 (1,589) | 2,047 (1,636) | 1,906 (1,619) |
| Health Outcomes | ||||
| Birthweight (grams) | 3,339 (604) | 3,426 (574) | 3,153 (638) | 3,358 (564) |
| Low birthweight | 7.6 (370) | 4.9 (142) | 13.6 (194) | 6.2 (34) |
| Very low birthweight | 0.9 (42) | 0.4 (12) | 1.9 (27) | 0.5 (3) |
Note: The study sample was drawn from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics for survey years 1985-2015. Sample characteristics were calculated using unimputed data (N=4,898). EITC: earned income tax credit.
a
Inflation-adjusted household pre-tax earned income