RhB removal by various heterogeneous catalysts with persulfate activation.

Catalyst	Reaction conditions	Performance	Reference
Mn2O3/MIL-100(Fe) (60%)	RhB: 25 mg L−1; catalyst: 500 mg L−1; persulfate: 1.26 mM; pH 3.0; temperature: 25 °C; lamp: LED (40 W)	95.91% of RhB was removed in 90 min with kapp = 0.0363 min−1; HO˙, SO4˙−, 1O2, O2˙−, and h+ play important roles in the photocatalytic degradation of RhB	This work
MIL-88A	RhB: 10 mg L−1; catalyst: 500 mg L−1; persulfate: 1.68 mM; pH 3.0; temperature: 40 °C; lamp: UVA (9 W)	80% of RhB was removed in 120 min with kapp = 0.131 min−1; SO4˙− and HO˙ were the main reactive oxygen species determining the RhB oxidation	60
MIL-53(Fe)/BiOCl (0.6 : 1)	RhB: 20 mg L−1; catalyst: 500 mg L−1; persulfate: 2.1 mM; pH 3.0; temperature: 25 °C; lamp: xenon (350 W) with a 420 nm cut-off filter	99.5% of RhB was removed in 30 min with kapp = 0.157 min−1; SO4˙− and HO˙ were the main reactive oxygen species, along with electrons and holes (h+), determining the RhB oxidation	61
Fe0/C3N4	RhB: 20 mg L−1; catalyst: 400 mg L−1; persulfate: 3 mM; pH 3.5; temperature: 30 °C; lamp: metal halide–xenon (350 W) with a 400 nm cut-off filter	97% of RhB was removed in 40 min with kapp = 0.156 min−1; h+ and SO4˙− played important roles in the oxidation process	8
CeO2@LDH	RhB: 10 mg L−1; catalyst: 400 mg L−1 persulfate: 6 mM; pH 7.0; temperature: 30 °C; lamp: xenon (50 W) with a 400 nm cut-off filter	96.9% of RhB was removed in 30 min with kapp = 0.0809 min−1; SO4˙−, O2˙−, and HO˙ were the main reactive oxygen species determining the RhB oxidation	62
BiOI/Fe3O4 (5 : 1)	RhB: 20 mg L−1; catalyst: 500 mg L−1 persulfate: 1 mM; pH 4.6; temperature: 25 °C; lamp: xenon (500 W) with a 420 nm cut-off filter	98.4% of RhB was removed in 30 min with kapp = 0.130 min−1; SO4˙− and HO˙ were the main reactive oxygen species, along with photoexcited holes (h+), determining the RhB oxidation	58
TiO2/FeOCl (20%)	RhB: 5 mg L−1; catalyst: 400 mg L−1; persulfate: 1.48 mM; no pH adjustment; temperature: 25 °C; lamp: LED (50 W)	64.6% of RhB was removed in 90 min with kapp = 0.0378 min−1; SO4˙−, O2˙−, and HO˙ were the main reactive oxygen species, along with photoexcited holes (h+), determining the RhB oxidation	63
TiO2/carbon dots	RhB: 5 mg L−1; catalyst: 400 mg L−1; persulfate: 1.48 mM; no pH adjustment; temperature: 25 °C; lamp: LED (50 W)	67% of RhB was removed in 240 min with kapp = 0.0439 min−1; SO4˙− and O2˙− were the main reactive oxygen species, along with photoexcited holes (h+), determining the RhB oxidation	64
ZnO/CuBi2O4 (5%)	RhB: 5 mg L−1; catalyst: 400 mg L−1; persulfate: 1.48 mM; no pH adjustment; temperature: 25 °C; lamp: LED (50 W)	100% of RhB was removed in 210 min with kapp = 0.0178 min−1; SO4˙−, O2˙−, and HO˙ were the main reactive oxygen species, along with photoexcited holes (h+), determining the RhB oxidation	65
ZnS/ZnFe2O4	RhB: 20 mg L−1; catalyst: 400 mg L−1; persulfate: 0.37 mM; no pH adjustment; temperature: 25 °C; lamp: low-pressure mercury UV (6 W, 254 nm)	97.67% of RhB was removed in 90 min with kapp = 0.03815 min−1; SO4˙−, O2˙−, and HO˙ were the main reactive oxygen species determining the RhB oxidation	66