Recent developments of lipid-based nanoparticles for psoriasis treatments (2016–2020).

No.	Lipid carrier	Antipsoriatic agent	Route of drug administration	Method	Remark	Reference
1	Solid lipid nanocarriers (SLNs)	Methotrexate and etanercept	Topical	Hot ultrasonication	Prolonged drug release in vitro and nontoxic towards human keratinocytes and fibroblasts	272
		Cyclosporine	Topical	Microemulsion	Exhibited systemic absorption and reduced side effects whilst increased its concentration in the skin layers in vitro	273
		Thymoquinone (Nigella sativa extract)	Topical	Melt-emulsification and ultrasonication	Low skin irritation score and reduced symptoms in erythema, oedema, and thickening in PASI score	274
		Tacrolimus	Topical	Emulsification and low-temperature solidification	High ex vivo skin penetration value and deeper in vivo skin layer penetration	275
2	Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs)	Methotrexate	Topical	Solvent diffusion	Significant entrapment efficiency and drug deposition whilst no erythema was indicated at primary skin irritation index	276
		Mometasone furoate	Topical	Microemulsion	High skin deposition and low primary skin irritation index with complete clearance of parakeratosis in vivo	277
		Dithranol	Topical	Hot melt homogenisation	Reduced the symptoms by PASI score and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with depletion in disease severity and cytokines like ILs-17, 22, 23, and TNF-α	278
		Methotrexate	Topical	Solvent diffusion	Improved therapeutic response and reduced local side effects in vivo with a decline of PASI score, oxidative stress, inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, and IMQ-induced histopathological alterations in mouse ear models	279
3	Liposomes	Cyclosporine	Topical	Thin-film hydration	Showed acceptable safety profile in the remedy of chronic plaque psoriasis	280
		Psoralen	Topical PUVA	Cationic liposomes by thin-film hydration method	Multiple fold increase in skin permeation study with reduced psoriasis plaque symptoms and levels of psoriatic cytokines (TNF-α, IL-17, and IL-22)	281
		Cyclosporine	Topical	Cationic liposomes by ethanol injection method	Had shear-thinning behaviour and reduced the symptoms of psoriasis plaque and levels of psoriatic cytokines (TNF-α, IL-17, and IL-22)	282
		Zedoary turmeric oil and tretinoin	Topical	Ethanol injection	High drug penetration and drug retention in vitro and significant psoriasis drug-dependent in vivo	283
		trans-Retinoic acid and betamethasone	Topical	Thin-film hydration	Nontoxic and time-dependent cellular uptake on HaCaT cells whilst reducing the epidermal thickness and cytokine level (TNF-α and IL-6) in vivo	284
		Liposomal spherical nucleic acids (L-SNA)	Topical	IL-17A receptor targeting	Reduced significantly in the PASI score and epidermal thickness on imiquimod (IMQ)-remedied mouse skin, and in the expressions of IL17RA, IL-17C, defensin, beta 4 (DEFB4), TNF-α, and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) on psoriatic 3D rafts	285
		Bexarotene (retinoid X receptor)	Topical	Thin-film hydration	A significant reversal of psoriasis (reduced scaling, inflammation without any toxicity) on IMQ-induced psoriatic plaque model mice whilst reducing the expression of cytokines (IL-17, IL-23, and IL-2)	286
4	Niosomes	Diacerein	Topical	Thin-film hydration	Prominent skin penetration in epidermal and dermal layers in vitro and found stable at low temperature	287
		Acitretin	Topical	Thin-film hydration	Improved ex vivo permeability assay and drug deposition in HaCaT cells	288
		Celastrol	Topical	Thin-film hydration	Alleviated erythema and scaling psoriasis symptoms in vivo	51
5	Transfersomes	Tacrolimus	Transdermal	Rotary evaporation-sonication	Higher mean residence time and skin permeation in vivo compared to that of liposomal formulation	289
		Methotrexate	Topical	The fusion method	Reduced the thickness score in dose-dependent IMQ-induced psoriasis mouse model with no organ toxicity observed	290
6	Ethosomes	Methotrexate and salicylic acid (MTX-SA)	Topical	The cold method	Decreased in PASI score whilst MTX-SA had more prolonged release than MTX alone	291
		Anthralin (dithranol)	Topical	Thin-film hydration	High permeation rate ex vivo with minimised adverse effects after treatment in clinical studies	292
7	Nanoemulsions	Cyclosporine	Topical	Phase inversion composition	High efficacy rate in vitro and improvement in skin hydration in vivo	293
		Tacrolimus	Topical	Spontaneous emulsification	Prolonged-release pattern and dermal bioavailability improvement in vitro whilst showed depletion in serum cytokines and improvement in psoriasis symptoms in vivo	294
		Methotrexate	Topical	Low energy emulsification	Improved skin permeation and retention in deep skin layers ex vivo with an increase in antipsoriatic efficacy, effective skin retention, and lesser serum and tissue accumulation in vivo	295
		Curcumin (natural compound)	Topical	Low-energy emulsification	Multiple fold increase in skin permeation and fast healing in psoriatic activity	296
		Imiquimod and curcumin	Topical	Low energy emulsification	Prevented the appearance of psoriasis-like symptoms and slowing down the psoriatic activity	297