Table 5.
Logistic Regression Analysis of the Risk of In-hospital Mortality in the Study Patients.
| n | Non-survivors (%) | Univariable model | Multivariable model | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | p value | OR (95% CI) | p value | ||||
| Sex | Male | 425 | 15 (3.5%) | 0.85 (0.35, 2.07) | 0.718 | ||
| Age (years) | 65- | 416 | 20 (4.8%) | 3.77 (1.00, 14.24) | 0.050 | 1.53 (0.37, 6.38) | 0.558 |
| <65 | 184 | 2 (1.1%) | 1 | 1 | |||
| Vaccination history | |||||||
| 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide | Unknown | 15 | 1 (6.7%) | 1.88 (0.24, 14.54) | 0.546 | ||
| vaccination within 5 years | No | 519 | 18 (3.5%) | 0.67 (0.21, 2.18) | 0.505 | ||
| Influenza vaccination within one year | Unknown | 220 | 5 (2.3%) | 0.90 (0.23, 3.52) | 0.880 | ||
| No | 254 | 14 (5.5%) | 2.13 (0.65, 7.00) | 0.214 | |||
| Prior antibiotic treatment | No | 363 | 17 (4.7%) | 2.10 (0.79, 5.56) | 0.136 | ||
| Identified pathogen | Yes | 304 | 12 (3.9%) | 1.17 (0.50, 2.70) | 0.719 | ||
| Unidentified pathogen | Yes | 294 | 9 (3.1%) | 0.72 (0.31, 1.69) | 0.454 | ||
| Streptococcus pneumoniae | Yes | 112 | 5 (4.5%) | 1.38 (0.52, 3.69) | 0.522 | ||
| Legionella spp. | Yes | 27 | 0 (0.0%) | 0.45 (0.03, 7.93) | 0.582 | ||
| Influenza virus | Yes | 70 | 5 (7.1%) | 2.46 (0.91, 6.68) | 0.076 | ||
| Virus (other than influenza virus) | Yes | 20 | 0 (0.0%) | 0.60 (0.03, 11.07) | 0.735 | ||
| Polymicrobial infection | Yes | 53 | 3 (5.7%) | 1.88 (0.58, 6.13) | 0.297 | ||
| Comorbidities | |||||||
| Chronic pulmonary diseases | Yes | 321 | 15 (4.7%) | 1.84 (0.76, 4.47) | 0.180 | ||
| COPD | Yes | 158 | 7 (4.4%) | 1.37 (0.56, 3.34) | 0.494 | ||
| Asthma | Yes | 56 | 2 (3.6%) | 1.17 (0.30, 4.54) | 0.817 | ||
| Bronchiectasis | Yes | 32 | 1 (3.1%) | 1.21 (0.22, 6.76) | 0.826 | ||
| Pulmonary NTM | Yes | 37 | 3 (8.1%) | 2.83 (0.85, 9.43) | 0.090 | ||
| Old tuberculosis | Yes | 21 | 1 (4.8%) | 1.90 (0.33, 10.94) | 0.473 | ||
| Chronic pulmonary aspergillosis | Yes | 9 | 1 (11.1%) | 4.68 (0.72, 30.68) | 0.107 | ||
| Interstitial pneumonia | Yes | 57 | 5 (8.8%) | 3.15 (1.15, 8.62) | 0.025 | 7.06 (2.12, 23.46) | 0.001 |
| Lung cancer surgery | Yes | 16 | 1 (6.3%) | 2.54 (0.43, 15.05) | 0.305 | ||
| Pneumoconiosis | Yes | 2 | 0 (0.0%) | 5.13 (0.12, 216.23) | 0.392 | ||
| Chronic empyema | Yes | 2 | 0 (0.0%) | 5.13 (0.12, 216.23) | 0.392 | ||
| Chronic non-pulmonary diseases | Yes | 312 | 15 (4.8%) | 1.96 (0.80, 4.75) | 0.139 | ||
| Hypertension | Yes | 93 | 7 (7.5%) | 2.76 (1.12, 6.81) | 0.028 | ||
| Congestive heart failure | Yes | 24 | 2 (8.3%) | 3.02 (0.74, 12.29) | 0.123 | ||
| Ischemic heart diseases | Yes | 24 | 2 (8.3%) | 3.02 (0.74, 12.29) | 0.123 | ||
| Diabetes mellitus | Yes | 86 | 2 (2.3%) | 0.71 (0.19, 2.73) | 0.622 | ||
| Valvular disease | Yes | 9 | 0 (0.0%) | 1.33 (0.06, 27.49) | 0.852 | ||
| Arrhythmia | Yes | 42 | 1 (2.4%) | 0.90 (0.16, 4.97) | 0.907 | ||
| Cardiomyopathy | Yes | 5 | 0 (0.0%) | 2.32 (0.09, 56.78) | 0.606 | ||
| Neurological disorders | Yes | 29 | 2 (6.9%) | 2.44 (0.61, 9.80) | 0.207 | ||
| Post surgery of upper digestive system | Yes | 12 | 1 (8.3%) | 3.44 (0.56, 21.31) | 0.184 | ||
| Chronic liver diseases | Yes | 12 | 0 (0.0%) | 1.01 (0.05, 19.67) | 0.996 | ||
| Connective tissue diseases | Yes | 34 | 1 (2.9%) | 1.14 (0.20, 6.31) | 0.884 | ||
| Primary immunodeficiency disease | Yes | 1 | 0 (0.0%) | 8.43 (0.09, 807.94) | 0.360 | ||
| Immunosuppression due to systemic | Yes | 41 | 3 (7.3%) | 2.52 (0.76, 8.33) | 0.130 | ||
| corticosteroids or immunosuppressants | |||||||
| Psychiatric disorders | Yes | 13 | 1 (7.7%) | 3.16 (0.52, 19.31) | 0.212 | ||
| Malignancy | Yes | 16 | 0 (0.0%) | 0.76 (0.04, 14.20) | 0.852 | ||
| Alcoholism | Yes | 3 | 0 (0.0%) | 3.65 (0.12, 114.85) | 0.462 | ||
| CKD | Yes | 7 | 0 (0.0%) | 1.70 (0.08, 37.17) | 0.738 | ||
| Smoking history | Yes | 391 | 11 (2.8%) | 0.52 (0.23, 1.20) | 0.127 | ||
| Long-term oxygen therapy | Yes | 39 | 4 (10.3%) | 3.72 (1.24, 11.14) | 0.019 | ||
| Healthcare contacts | Yes | 191 | 11 (5.8%) | 2.16 (0.94, 5.00) | 0.071 | ||
| Performance status | Unknown | 0 | 0 (-%) | ||||
| 3-4 | 28 | 5 (17.9%) | 7.40 (2.57, 21.32) | <0.001 | 11.48 (3.32, 39.72) | <0.001 | |
| 0-2 | 570 | 17 (3.0%) | 1 | 1 | |||
| Rhabdomyolysis | Yes | 18 | 3 (16.7%) | 6.53 (1.82, 23.34) | 0.004 | 3.54 (0.70, 17.91) | 0.126 |
| Blood urea nitrogen (≥20 mg/dL) | Yes | 169 | 14 (8.3%) | 4.65 (1.95, 11.07) | <0.001 | ||
| Hypophosphatemia | 72 | 5 (6.9%) | 2.38 (0.88, 6.45) | 0.088 | 2.28 (0.72, 7.27) | 0.163 | |
| Procalcitonin | 161 | 1.06 (1.01, 1.12) | 0.016 | ||||
| C-reactive protein | Yes | 600 | 1.06 (1.02, 1.09) | 0.002 | |||
| Bacteremia | Yes | 16 | 6 (37.5%) | 21.33 (6.95, 65.44) | <0.001 | 11.80 (2.77, 50.18) | 0.001 |
| Disease severity on admission | Severe | 75 | 13 (17.3%) | 11.74 (4.90, 28.13) | <0.001 | 7.11 (2.53, 20.01) | <0.001 |
| Concordance with CAP guideline-recommended treatment regimen | Discordant | 57 | 5 (8.8%) | 3.15 (1.15, 8.62) | 0.025 | 4.46 (1.38, 14.36) | 0.012 |
| Concordant | 543 | 17 (3.1%) | 1 | 1 | |||
| Number of antibiotics | Monotherapy | 108 | 6 (5.6%) | 1.83 (0.72, 4.67) | 0.205 | ||
| ≥2 drugs | 492 | 16 (3.3%) | 1 | ||||
Values represent p value for category against the reference. CAP: community-acquired pneumonia, CI: confidence interval, CKD: chronic kidney disease, COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, HCAP: healthcare-associated pneumonia, NTM: nontuberculous mycobacteriosis, OR: odds ratio