Table 1.
Demographics and Injury Characteristics Across Randomized Arms
| Standard Care N=46 | LTOWB N=40 | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years), median (IQR) | 51 (36, 62) | 46 (27, 64) | 0.74 |
| Sex (% Male) | 67.4% | 57.5% | 0.47 |
| Race n, (%N) | |||
| White | 43 (93.5%) | 34 (85.0%) | 0.35 |
| African American | 2 (4.3%) | 4 (10.0%) | 0.30 |
| Other | 1 (2.2%) | 2 (5.0%) | 0.48 |
| Comorbidities n, (%N) | |||
| Alcoholism | 11 (23.9%) | 5 (12.5%) | 0.17 |
| Arrhythmia | 2 (4.3%) | 2 (5.0%) | 0.89 |
| Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) | 3 (6.5%) | 3 (7.5%) | 0.86 |
| Coagulopathy | 1 (2.2%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.35 |
| Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (2.5%) | 0.28 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 4 (8.7%) | 5 (12.5%) | 0.57 |
| History of Myocardial Infarction (MI) | 0 (0.0%) | 4 (10.0%) | 0.03 |
| Hypertension | 15 (32.6%) | 13 (32.5%) | 0.99 |
| Liver Disease | 3 (6.5%) | 3 (7.5%) | 0.86 |
| Renal Dysfunction | 1 (2.2%) | 1 (2.5%) | 0.92 |
| Smoker | 16 (34.8%) | 11 (27.5%) | 0.47 |
| Any Comorbidity n, (N%) | 17 (36.9%) | 14 (35.0%) | 0.85 |
| Blunt Mechanism of Injury n, (%N) | 39 (84.8%) | 34 (85.0%) | 0.99 |
| Mechanism of Blunt Injuries n, (%N); N=73* | |||
| Fall | 10 (25.6%) | 10 (29.4%) | 0.72 |
| Machinery | 1 (2.6%) | 0 (0%) | 0.35 |
| MVC- Occupant, Ejected | 5 (12.8%) | 2 (5.9%) | 0.32 |
| MVC- Occupant, Not Ejected | 12 (30.8%) | 8 (23.5%) | 0.51 |
| MVC- Motorcyclist | 7 (17.9%) | 5 (14.7%) | 0.72 |
| MVC- Pedestrian | 2 (5.1%) | 4 (11.8%) | 0.30 |
| MVC- ATV | 0 (0%) | 3 (8.8%) | 0.06 |
| MVC- Unknown | 1 (2.6%) | 0 (0%) | 0.35 |
| Struck by or Against | 1 (2.6%) | 2 (5.9%) | 0.48 |
| Mechanism of Penetrating Injuries, n (%N); N=17* | |||
| Firearm | 6 (54.5%) | 4 (66.7%) | 0.66 |
| Impalement | 3 (27.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.10 |
| Stabbing | 1 (9.1%) | 1 (16.7%) | 0.92 |
| Other | 1 (9.1%) | 1 (16.7%) | 0.92 |
| Transferred From Outside ED n, (%N) | 17 (37.0%) | 11 (27.5%) | 0.35 |
| ISS, median (IQR) | 17 (9, 25) | 13 (8.5, 22) | 0.69 |
| ISS ≥ 16 n, (%N) | 25 (54.3%) | 17 (42.5%) | 0.27 |
| ISS ≥ 25 n, (%N) | 12 (26.1%) | 7 (17.5%) | 0.34 |
| Head Injury: AIS Head > 0 n, (%N) | 20 (43.5%) | 19 (47.5%) | 0.98 |
| Head AIS, median (IQR) | 0.0 (0, 3) | 0.0 (0, 3) | 0.83 |
| Chest AIS, median (IQR) | 2.0 (0, 3) | 2.0 (0, 3) | 0.66 |
| Abdomen AIS, median (IQR) | 0.0 (0, 2) | 0.0 (0, 2.5) | 0.94 |
| Extremity AIS, median (IQR) | 0.0 (0, 2.8) | 2.0 (0, 3) | 0.25 |
| Prehospital Intubation n, (%N) | 19 (41.3%) | 12 (30.0%) | 0.39 |
| Prehospital Crystalloid (mls), median (IQR) | 675 (0, 1350) | 25 (0, 1000) | 0.11 |
| Prehospital Systolic Blood Pressure, mmHg, median, (IQR) | 71.5 (64, 85) | 70.0 (64, 83) | 0.61 |
| Prehospital Shock Index, median (IQR) | 1.57 (1.4, 1.9) | 1.56 (1.4, 1.9) | 0.67 |
| Received Prehospital Blood Product | 32 (69.6%) | 33 (82.5%) | 0.16 |
| Red Cells | 32 (69.6%) | 5 (12.5%) | <0.01* |
| LTOWB | 0 (0%) | 28 (70%) | <0.01* |
| ED Arrival GCS, median (IQR) | 9 (3, 15) | 13 (3, 15) | 0.44 |
*
Four patients had combined blunt and penetrating injury