Fig. 2. Atomic models of ATP synthase under strain during ATP hydrolysis.

a Atomic models of the enzyme were generated by flexible fitting of the atomic models of ATP synthase without ATP into maps of the strained ATP synthase conformations. b Overlay of fitted models from catalytic dwell (left) and binding dwell (right) structures show limited conformational changes in the α₃β₃γδεc₁₀ subcomplex. c Overlay of models from catalytic dwell conformations show pronounced bending of the peripheral stalk while the enzyme is under strain during ATP hydrolysis.