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. 2022 Apr 25;12:6715. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-10766-z

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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RNAi-based knockdown of transglutaminase genes does not alter the accumulation of GFP-E. coli in the periostial regions. (A–H) Fluorescence images show a single abdominal segment with phagocytosed bacteria (green) surrounding the ostia (asterisks) in mosquitoes that had been infected with GFP-E. coli for 4 (A–D) or 24 h (E–H). Prior to treatment, mosquitoes had been injected with dsbla(Ap^R) (A, E), dsTGase1 (B, F), dsTGase2 (C, G) or dsTGase3 (D, H). A, anterior; P, posterior; L, lateral. (I) Graph shows the average area of GFP-E. coli in dsbla(Ap^R)-, dsTGase1-, dsTGase2- and dsTGase3-injected mosquitoes that had been infected with GFP-E. coli for 4 or 24 h. Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA, using dsbla(Ap^R) mosquitoes as the reference. Column heights mark the means, and whiskers show the S.E.M.