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. 2022 Apr 25;12:6715. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-10766-z

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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RNAi-based knockdown of TGase3 increases melanin accumulation at the periostial regions. (A–L) Brightfield images show a single abdominal segment with melanin deposits (black) surrounding the ostia (asterisks) in uninfected mosquitoes (A–D), and mosquitoes that had been infected with GFP-E. coli for 4 (E–H) or 24 h (I–L). Prior to treatment, mosquitoes had been injected with dsbla(Ap^R) (A, E, I), dsTGase1 (B, F, J), dsTGase2 (C, G, K) or dsTGase3 (D, H, L). A, anterior; P, posterior; L, lateral. (M) Graph shows the average area of melanin deposits in dsbla(Ap^R)-, dsTGase1-, dsTGase2- and dsTGase3-injected mosquitoes that were not infected or had been infected with GFP-E. coli for 4 or 24 h. Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s post-hoc test, using dsbla(Ap^R) mosquitoes as the reference. Column heights mark the means, whiskers show the S.E.M., and the asterisk indicates post-hoc P < 0.05.