Table 2.

 Detection of contrast media extravasation

1. Direct Patient Observation: Technician/radiographer in room or video monitoring as well as self-reporting by the patient. Observation of monitoring scans for expected contrast arrival and completed scans for enhancement. 2. Pressure Monitoring: Power-injectors for contrast media (CM) administration now have pressure monitoring systems with graphic displays and flow profile previews which can automatically or semi-automatically stop the CM injection if increased resistance or faults within the system are encountered. One of the promoted benefits of this technology is CM extravasation prevention/minimisation although no published studies have specifically explored their impact to date. 3. Extravasation detection accessories: Some vendors have developed sensors to detect CM extravasation amongst other capabilities.