Table 1.
Weighted characteristics of study samples based on diabetes status.
|
Non-diabetes (n = 20,627) |
Prediabetes (n = 5,326) |
Diabetes (n = 2,476) |
p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex (%) | 0.0155 | |||
| Males | 49.88 | 48.77 | 52.76 | |
| Females | 50.12 | 51.23 | 47.24 | |
| Race (%) | <0.001 | |||
| Hispanic | 14.27 | 17.66 | 18.62 | |
| Non-hispanic white | 70.44 | 56.60 | 56.34 | |
| Non-hispanic black | 9.08 | 17.04 | 15.85 | |
| Others | 6.21 | 8.69 | 9.20 | |
| Hypertension (%) | <0.001 | |||
| Yes | 18.17 | 37.15 | 58.08 | |
| No | 81.83 | 62.85 | 41.92 | |
| Hypercholesterolemia (%) | <0.001 | |||
| Yes | 26.11 | 41.46 | 58.00 | |
| No | 73.89 | 58.54 | 42.00 | |
| Vigorous work activity (%) | <0.001 | |||
| Yes | 34.98 | 24.06 | 20.58 | |
| No | 65.02 | 75.94 | 79.42 | |
| Smoking status (%) | <0.001 | |||
| Yes | 44.71 | 49.00 | 49.31 | |
| No | 55.29 | 51.00 | 50.69 | |
| Taking insulin now (n) | / | |||
| Yes | / | 4 | 465 | |
| No | / | 5,199 | 1,994 | |
| Not available | / | 123 | 17 | |
| Taking pills to lower blood sugar (n) | / | |||
| Yes | / | 56 | 1,436 | |
| No | / | 946 | 553 | |
| Not available | / | 4,324 | 487 | |
| Age (years) | 39.23 ± 14.39 | 48.60 ± 13.88 | 54.45 ± 11.95 | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 27.28 ± 5.86 | 31.29 ± 7.02 | 33.24 ± 7.35 | <0.001 |
| Ratio of family income to poverty | 3.03 ± 1.65 | 2.89 ± 1.63 | 2.69 ± 1.61 | <0.001 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 93.69 ± 14.77 | 104.09 ± 15.58 | 110.97 ± 16.45 | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 5.01 ± 1.03 | 5.31 ± 1.10 | 5.14 ± 1.30 | <0.001 |
| Triglyceride (mmol/L) | 1.50 ± 1.31 | 1.97 ± 1.71 | 2.55 ± 3.16 | <0.001 |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.39 ± 0.41 | 1.27 ± 0.37 | 1.20 ± 0.34 | <0.001 |
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 2.97 ± 0.88 | 3.25 ± 0.97 | 2.93 ± 0.98 | <0.001 |
| Blood urea nitrogen (mmol/L) | 4.51 ± 1.55 | 4.79 ± 1.72 | 5.39 ± 2.56 | <0.001 |
| Uric acid (umol/L) | 313.83 ± 81.65 | 335.56 ± 80.70 | 332.01 ± 91.03 | <0.001 |
| Creatinine (mmol/L) | 75.56 ± 26.79 | 76.87 ± 29.90 | 82.16 ± 58.33 | <0.001 |
| Serum glucose (mmol/L) | 4.94 ± 0.59 | 5.52 ± 1.22 | 8.73 ± 4.25 | <0.001 |
| Glycohemoglobin (%) | 5.19 ± 0.27 | 5.84 ± 0.49 | 7.59 ± 1.90 | <0.001 |
| Diabetes duration (years) | / | / | 6.98 ± 7.97 | / |
| Total percent fat (%) | 32.49 ± 8.66 | 35.98 ± 8.33 | 36.85 ± 7.82 | <0.001 |
| Trunk fat mass (g) | 12489.80 ± 5976.04 | 16369.64 ± 6781.82 | 18970.05 ± 7352.68 | <0.001 |
| Android fat mass (g) | 2154.09 ± 1151.41 | 2890.19 ± 1325.25 | 3378.72 ± 1420.56 | <0.001 |
| Gynoid fat mass (g) | 4382.63 ± 1702.18 | 5006.58 ± 1950.23 | 4969.78 ± 1934.28 | <0.001 |
| Android to gynoid ratio | 0.98 ± 0.20 | 1.07 ± 0.19 | 1.13 ± 0.18 | <0.001 |
Mean ± SD for continuous variables, p-value was calculated by weighted linear regression model. % for categorical variables, p-value was calculated by weighted chi-square test.