TABLE 1.
Exclusion criteria.
✓ Suspected serious spinal pathology (e.g., fracture, inflammatory/infections spinal disease, cauda equina syndrome, malignancy, metastasis, unexplained weight loss or fever, neurological disorder) |
✓ Specific pathology that cause back pain, such as internal organ disease, active inflammatory spondyloarthropathies, recent spinal trauma or surgery |
✓ Presence of major pain or injury to other body regions in the previous 12 months |
✓ Pregnancy |
✓ Renal pathologies that can alter creatinine and urinary cytokines levels |
✓ Sleep disorders (such as sleep apnea and snoring) |
✓ Known depression, anxiety or other psychological disorders |