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. 2022 Apr 12;16:879083. doi: 10.3389/fnint.2022.879083

TABLE 1.

Exclusion criteria.

✓ Suspected serious spinal pathology (e.g., fracture, inflammatory/infections spinal disease, cauda equina syndrome, malignancy, metastasis, unexplained weight loss or fever, neurological disorder)
✓ Specific pathology that cause back pain, such as internal organ disease, active inflammatory spondyloarthropathies, recent spinal trauma or surgery
✓ Presence of major pain or injury to other body regions in the previous 12 months
✓ Pregnancy
✓ Renal pathologies that can alter creatinine and urinary cytokines levels
✓ Sleep disorders (such as sleep apnea and snoring)
✓ Known depression, anxiety or other psychological disorders