Table 3.
Main available studies assessing the relationship between SSB intake and BP in pediatric age.
|
References
Country |
Sample size (number of subjects) | Age range | Study design | Outcome | Main results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nguyen et al. (162) US |
4,867 | 12–18 | Cross-sectional study | SBP adjusted for age, race/ethnicity, sex, total calories, BMI z-score, sodium intake, smoking, and alcohol | Higher SSB consumption associated with higher serum uric acid (increased by 0.18 mg/dL) and SBP (increased by 0.17 z-score). |
| Bremer et al. (114) US |
6,967 | 12–19 | Cross-sectional study | SBP | Higher SSB consumption associated with higher HOMA-Index, waist circumference, BMI and SBP (High intake vs. low intake: 111.1 vs. 107.9 mmHg, p = 0.03). |
| Ambrosini et al. (113) Australia |
1,433 | 14–17 | Cross-sectional study | SBP and DBP adjusted for adjusted for age, pubertal stage, physical activity, dietary misreporting, maternal education, and family income. | Higher SSB consumption associated with higher SBP (highest tertile vs. lowest tertile +1.5 mmHg, p = 0.03) and overweight/obesity risk (OR: 4.8, 95%CI: 2.1–11.4). |
| Lin et al. (165) Taiwan |
2,727 | 12–16 | Cross-sectional study | SBP adjusted for study area, age, gender, physical activity, total calories, intake of meat, seafood, fruit, fried, food with jelly/honey, alcohol drinking, smoking. | Higher SSB consumption associated with higher SBP (highest SBB intake vs. no intake +3.47 mmHg, p = 0.004). |
| Mirmiran et al. (119) Iran |
4,24 | 6–18 | Prospective study | Incident hypertension. | Higher SSB consumption associated with higher hypertension incidence (highest quartile vs. lowest quartile: OR 2.79, 95%CI 1.02–7.64). |
| Asghari et al. (168) Iran |
4,24 | 6–18 | Prospective study | Incident hypertension adjusted for age, sex, total energy intake, physical activity, dietary fiber, family history of diabetes, and body mass index. | Higher energy-dense nutrient-poor solid snack intake associated with higher incidence of hypertension (OR: 2.99, 95%CI: 1.00–8.93). |
| Souza et al. (164) Brazil |
488 | 9–16 | Cross-sectional study | SBP and DBP adjusted for sex, age, BMI, physical activity, addition of salt to food, and education of the head of the family. | Higher soft drink consumption associated with higher SBP/DBP (no soft drink vs. SSB vs. diet soft drink: mean SBP 99.7 vs. 101.8 vs. 105.1 mmHg, p = 0.01 and mean DBP 57.2 vs. 58.2 vs. 60.5 mmHg, p = 0.04) |
| Gui et al. (166) China |
53,151 | 6–17 | National cross-sectional study | Prevalent hypertension adjusted for age, sex, residence, socioeconomic status, diet, screen time, and physical activity. | Neither general obesity nor hypertension associated with SSB consumption. |
| de Boer et al. (140) Netherlands |
2,519 + 769 | 5–6/11–12 | Cross-sectional study | SBP and DBP (adjusted for ethnicity, BMI, physical activity, screen time, gestational age, birth weight, maternal and paternal BMI, pubertal stage | Higher SSB consumption associated with higher SBP at 11–12 age (highest tertile vs. lowest tertile: SBP +2.3 mmHg, p = 0.006) |
| Qin et al. (163) China |
10,091 | 9–12 | Cross-sectional study | Prevalent hypertension adjusted for school, parental education, physical activity, diet intake. | Higher SSB consumption associated with higher hypertension prevalence (overall: OR1.40, 95%CI 1.15–1.70); normal weight: OR 1.78, 95% CI 1.20–2.65; overweight or obese: OR 1.28, 95% CI 1.01–1.61) |
| He et al. (115) China |
2,032 | 7–18 | Cross-sectional study | Prevalent hypertension. | SSB consumption associated with the risk of obesity (OR 2.08, 95% CI 1.21–3.54) and hypertriglyceridemia (OR 1.70, 95%CI 1.02–3.06), but not with a significant increase in the prevalence of hypertension. |
| Zhu et al. (167) China |
3,958 | 6–17 | Cross-sectional study | SBP (adjusted for age, sex, daily energy intake, pubertal stage, sedentary time, maternal education, and household income) | Higher SSB consumption inversely associated with SBP values (p < 0.05) |
| Perng et al. (170) Mexico |
242 | 8–14 | Cross-sectional study | SBP and DBP (adjusted for age and pubertal status) | Higher SSB intake associated with higher BP values (highest quartile vs. lowest quartile: SBP +4.65 mmHg and DBP +3.08 mmHg in girls, p = 0.07 and SBP +8.79 mmHg and DBP +7.1 mmHg in boys, p < 0.001). |
| Chiu et al. (120) US |
30 | 13–18 | Two-period randomized study (SBBs vs. low fat milk for 3 weeks with crossover to the alternate beverage after a ≥ 2 weeks washout) | SBP | SBP z-score (0.0 vs. 0.2, p = 0.04) and serum uric acid (362 vs. 381 umol/L, p = 0.02) significantly lower after milk compared to SSBs. |
BMI, body mass index; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; SBP, systolic blood pressure; SSB, sugar-sweetened beverage.