Table 2.
Anti-inflammatory effects of camel milk.
| Agent | Effects | Model of study | Doses | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CM | Inhibited the volume of edema | Rats, paw edema | 33 ml/kg | (49) |
| CM | Reduced the index of osteoarthritis, paw edema and gait score, increased IL-10 serum | Rats, RA | 10 ml/kg orally, 3 weeks | (50) |
| CM | Decreased inflammatory angiogenesis, the collagen deposition and VEGF levels | Albino Swiss mice | 25-100 mg/kg/day, 14 days | (51) |
| CM | Reduced TGF-β1 | Rats, T2D | 35 ml/rat/day | (52) |
| Total lipid and fatty acids | Decreased IL-1β/18, regulated the expression of p50/p65 NF-κB subunits | In vitro diabetic inflammation | – | (53) |
| C whey protein | Reduced apoptosis, T and B cells distribution (spleen and thymus), increased AKT and IκB-α phosphorylation | T1D, Mice | 100 mg/kg at 250 μl/day, 1 month | (54) |
| Un-denatured whey proteins | Decreased IFN-γ and increased IL-2 | T1D rats | 100 mg/kg/day, 5 weeks | (55) |
| C whey protein | Reduced IL-6, IL8, bloody stools, diarrhea, weight, and large intestine inflammation | Balb/c mice with colon cancer | – | (56) |
| CM | Improved leukocyte infestation, pathological changes, MPO and caspases-3 activities | Rats with TNBS-induced colitis | 10 ml/kg | (57) |
| CM | Decreased CD8+ T cells, increased CD4+ T and CD44+ CD4+ cells | Mice model of ACC | 2 g/kg/day in 200 µL | (58) |
| CM | Reduced ulcers number, ulcers length, ulcer index and the volume of gastric juice | Rats, gastric ulcers | 5 ml/kg | (59) |
| CM | Reduced IL-1β, increased IL-10 | C57BL/6J mice | 0.4 ml/day, 14 days, | (60) |
| Fermented CM | Reduced CRP and IL-1ß | HFD-induced … in rats | – | (61) |
| CM | Reduced IL-6 expression | Liver injury, rats | 100 ml/day | (62) |
| Lactic acid bacteria | Decreased in IL-6 | Acute liver damage, mice | for 7 weeks | (63) |
| CM | Increased IL-10, DOPA and AChE, improved sensorimotor function and impaired memory | FNP-induced neurotoxicity in rats | 2 ml/rat/day | (64) |
| CM | Reduced IL-1β in lung tissue and neutrophil infiltration | Rats, ARDS | 10 mL/kg | (65) |
| CM | Inhibited MPO, IL-1β, IL-18 and MCP-1 | A model of renal toxicity in rats | 10 ml/kg p.o. | (66) |
| CM | Decreased renal inflammation | Cyclosporine-induced RI in rats | 10 ml/kg, 3 weeks | (67) |
| CM | Inhibited single-cell chemotactic protein, hyaluronic acid and TGF-b1 serum levels | Hepatitis C infected patients | 5 L/week, 2 month | (68) |
| CM | Decreased IL-4, increased IFN-γ | Chronic hepatitis Patients | – | (69) |
| CM | Decreased serum TARC | Double-blind in autism patients | 500 ml/day | (70) |
ACC, Acute and chronic colitis; AChE, Acetylcholinesterase; AKT, Protein kinase B; ARDS, Acute respiratory distress syndrome; CM, Camel milk; CRP, C reactive protein; DOPA, Dopamine; FNP, Fenpropathrin; IFN-γ, Interferon gamma; IκB-α, Nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor-alpha; IL, Interlukin; MCP-1, Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; MPO, Myeloperoxidase; NF-κB, Nuclear factor-kappa B; RA, Rheumatoid arthritis; TARC, Thymus and activation‐regulated chemokine; TGF-β1, Transforming growth factor-beta1; TNBS, Trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid; T1D, Type 1 diabetes; T2D, Type 2 diabetes; VEGF, Vascular endothelial growth factor; HFD, High-fat diet; RI, Renal injury.