Table 3.
Antioxidant effects of Camel milk.
| Agent | Effects | Model of study | Doses | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CM | Increased ACE inhibitor activity | TEAC | – | (93) |
| CM casein | Inhibited ABTS, DPPH and FRAP activities | ABTS, DPPH and FRAP method | – | (94) |
| CM non-fat powder | Increased the antioxidant activity | ABTS, DPPH and FRAP method | – | (95) |
| CM | Increased SOD and CAT in liver homogenates | CYP-induced leukopenia in mice | 2 ml/day for 10 days | (96) |
| CM | Reduced lipid peroxide and NO, increased GSH and TAC in serum | RA model of rat | 10 ml/kg, 3 weeks | (50) |
| Fermented CM | Improved the activities of SOD, CAT, GPx | Mice heart tissue exposed to CCl4 | 100 mg/kg | (10) |
| CM and its exosomes | Reduced MDA and iNOS, increased SOD, CAT and GPx activities | Rats and MCF7 breast cancer cells | 1 ml/rat, orally | (85) |
| CM protein hydrolysates | Reduced MDA and GSH, improved SOD activity | Diabetic rats | 100,-1000 mg/kg, 8 weeks | (97) |
| CM peptide | Increased SOD, CAT and GSH, decreased MDA | Diabetic rats | 25 mg/kg, 7 days | (74) |
| CM | Reduced MDA, increased SOD and CAT | Rabbits model of diabetes | 7 ml/kg, 4 weeks | (98) |
| CM | Decreased MDA, increased CAT, GR and SOD | Rat model of diabetes | – | (47) |
| CM | Increased SOD, CAT and GSH | STZ -induced DM in rats | 50 ml/day, 8 weeks | (99) |
| CM protein | Decreased ROS and ATF-3 expression | Mice model of TID | 100 mg/kg at 250 μl/day, 1 month | (54) |
| CM | Reduced MDA, increased GST and SOD | Rats model of liver disease | 100 ml/day | (62) |
| CM | Inhibited MDA and MPO, restructured SOD and GST activities | GM-induced liver damage in rats | 5 mL/rat/day | (100) |
| Fermented CM | Increased SOD, GPx, CAT and GSH in the liver, decreased MDA | CCl4 liver damage in mice | – | (101) |
| CM | Reduced hepatic MDA and increased TAC | Alcohol-induced hepatotoxicity, rats | 2 ml/day | (102) |
| CM | Increased GSH and CAT, decreased MDA | Rats with NAFLD | 50 ml/day, for 8 weeks | (103) |
| C Lactoferrin | Decreased NO | HCT-116 colon cancer cells | – | (27) |
| CM | Reduced lipid peroxides and NO | Rats model of IBD | 20 ml/kg/day gavage | (57) |
| CM | Increased SOD and GSH, decreased MDA | C57BL/6J mice | 0.4 ml/day, 14 days | (60) |
| CM | Reduced NO, MDA, MPO and caspase-3 | FNP-induced neurotoxicity in rats | 2ml/day | (64) |
| CM | Reduced MDA, MPO and TAC in lung tissue | Rats model of ARDS | 10 mL/kg/day | (65) |
| CM | Suppressed oxidative stress, improved GSH, SOD, GPx and TAC | 5-FU-induced renal toxicity in rats | 10 ml/kg p.o. | (66) |
| CM | Reduced MPO activity | Cyclosporine-induced kidney damage in rats | 10 ml/kg/day, 3 weeks, gavage | (67) |
| CM | Increased SOD and CAT activities | CdCl2-induced toxicity in rats | 2 ml, 21 days | (84) |
| CM | Increased SOD, CAT and GSH activities | CdCl2-induced HMiA in rats | – | (104) |
| CM | Reduced TBARS and HP, increased GSH, SOD and CAT activities | AlCl3-induced oxidative stress rat | 1 ml, 30 days | (105) |
| CM | Increased in plasma levels of GSH, SOD, decreased MPO | Double-blind RCT in ASD patients | 500 ml/day, 2 weeks | (106) |
ABTS, 3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid; AlCl3, Aluminum chloride; ARDS, Acute respiratory distress syndrome; ASD, Autism spectrum disorder; CM, Camel milk; CCl4, Carbon tetrachloride; CYP, Cyclophosphamide; DN, Diabetic nephropathy; DPPH, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate; FRAP, Ferric reducing antioxidant power; GM, Gentamicin; GPx, Glutathione peroxidase; GR, Glutathione reductase; GSH, Glutathione; GST, Glutathione transferase; HP, Hydroperoxide; IBD, Inflammatory bowel disease; iNOS, Inducible nitric oxide synthase; MDA, Malondialdehyde; MPO, Myeloperoxidase; NAFLD, Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; NO, Nitric oxide; NOX-1, Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase; RA, Rheumatoid arthritis; SOD, Superoxide dismutase; TAC, Total antioxidant capacity; TNBS, Trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid; CdCl2, Cadmium Chloride; HMA, Hypocromic microcytic anemia; TEAC, Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity.