Table 4:
Results of Studies Examining Differences between Groups.
| Factor | Citation | Statistical analysis | Finding | interpretation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Depressive Symptoms | Aguilar-Navarro, 2019
a
Aliberti, 2018 a Ge, 2020 a Kwan, 2019 a Rivan, 2019 b Rivan, 2020 b Shimada, 2016 a Wu, 2020 c |
Chi-square Chi-square Chi-square t-test, chi-square, Mann-Whitney U t-test t-test t-test one-way ANOVA |
Significant at <0.001 Significant at <0.001 Significant at <0.001 Significant at <0.001 Significant at <0.001 Significant at <0.001 Significant at <0.001 Significant at <0.001 |
Comorbid group greater number of symptoms than peers Comorbid group greater number of symptoms than peers Comorbid group greater number of symptoms than peers Comorbid group greater number of symptoms than peers Comorbid group greater number of symptoms than peers Comorbid group greater number of symptoms than peers Comorbid group greater number of symptoms than peers Comorbid group greater number of symptoms than peers |
| Depression and anxiety | Li, 2020 a | Chi-square | Significant at <0.0001 | Comorbid group report more problems than peers |
| Marital status | Aliberti, 2018
a
Li, 2020 a Rivan, 2019 b Wu, 2020 c |
Chi-square Chi-square Chi-square Chi-square |
Significant at <0.001 Significant at <0.0001 Not significant =0.936 Not significant +0.619 |
Comorbid group less likely to be married than peers Comorbid group less likely to be married than peers No difference in marital status across groups No difference in marital status across groups |
| Living alone status | Rivan, 2020
b
Shimada, 2016 a Wu, 2020 c |
Chi-square Chi-square Chi-square |
Significant at <0.05 Significant at <0.001 Not Significant =0.910 |
Comorbid group more likely to live alone than peers Comorbid group more likely to live alone than peers No difference in co-residence status across groups |
| Education level | Aliberti, 2018
a
Kwan, 2019 a Li, 2020 a Rivan, 2019 b Rivan, 2020 b Shimada, 2016 a Wu, 2020 c |
Chi-square t-test, chi-square, Mann-Whitney U Chi-square Chi-square t-test t-test One-way ANOVA |
Significant at <0.001 Not significant =0.053 Significant at <0.0001 Significant at <0.001 Significant at <0.001 Significant at <0.001 Not significant =0.102 |
Comorbid group less years in education than peers No difference in education years across groups Comorbid group less years in education than peers Comorbid group less years in education than peers Comorbid group less years in education than peers Comorbid group less years in education than peers No difference in education years across groups |
| Employment status | Rivan, 2019 b | Chi-square | Not significant =0.652 | No difference in employment status across groups |
| Net worth | Aliberti, 2018 a | ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis | Significant at <0.001 | Comorbid group has less net worth than peers |
| Household income | Rivan, 2019
b
Rivan, 2020 b |
Chi-square t-test |
Significant at <0.05 Significant at =0.001 |
Comorbid group has less income than peers Comorbid group has less income than peers |
| Social Support | Rivan, 2019 b | t-test | Significant at <0.001 | Comorbid group reports less support than peers |
astudy has four groups to compare a healthy group, a frail only group, a cognitively impaired only group and a comorbid group with both frailty and cognitive impairment
bstudy has two groups to compare a healthy group and a comorbid group with both frailty and cognitive impairment
cstudy has three groups to compare one with dementia and no frailty, one with dementia and prefrailty and a comorbid group with dementia and frailty