Table 4.
Clinical characteristics associated with HCoV infection: comparison between single infection and viral co-infection.
| Clinical feature |
Total HCoV infection
(N = 1,096) |
Single HCoV infections
(N = 608) |
HCoV Co-infections
(N = 488) |
P-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years), median (IQR) | 1.0 (0.0–2.0) | 1.0 (0.0–2.0) | 1.0 (0.0–3.0) | 0.148 |
| Male (%) | 654 (59.7%) | 364 (59.9%) | 290 (59.4%) | 0.931 |
| Diagnosis | ||||
| Upper respiratory infection (%) | 454 (41.4) | 262 (43.1) | 192 (39.4) | 0.234 |
| Pneumonia (%) | 182 (16.6) | 78 (12.8) | 104 (21.3) | <0.001 |
| Acute bronchiolitis (%) | 170 (15.5) | 71 (11.7) | 99 (20.3) | <0.001 |
| Non-specific febrile illness (%) | 144 (13.1) | 102 (16.8) | 42 (8.6) | <0.001 |
| Croup (%) | 80 (7.3) | 53 (8.7) | 27 (5.5) | 0.058 |
| Acute gastroenteritis (%) | 56 (5.1) | 38 (6.2) | 18 (3.7) | 0.076 |
| Asthma attack (%) | 5 (0.5) | 1 (0.2) | 4 (0.8) | 0.178 |
| Encephalitis (%) | 5 (0.5) | 3 (0.5) | 2 (0.4) | 1.000 |
| History of prematurity or underlying chronic diseases (%) | 270 (24.6) | 163 (26.8) | 107 (21.9) | 0.073 |
| Needed hospital admission (%) | 832 (75.9) | 450 (74.0) | 382 (78.3) | 0.116 |
| Days of hospital stay, median (IQR) | 4.0 (3.0–5.0) | 3.0 (3.0–5.0) | 4.0 (3.0–6.0) | <0.001 |
| Needed O2 supply (%) | 108 (9.9) | 62 (10.2) | 46 (9.4) | 0.746 |
| Needed HFNC or mechanical ventilation (%) | 37 (3.4) | 19 (3.1) | 18 (3.7) | 0.730 |
IQR, interquartile range; HFNC, high-flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy.