Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of study participants stratified by APOL1 status
| Participant characteristics | Total N = 2864 |
Number of APOL1 variants |
P value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 |
1 |
2 |
||||
| n = 1406 | n = 1104 | n = 354 | ||||
| Age, yr | mean (SD) | 48.1 (10.3) | 48.1 (10.3) | 48.1 (10.4) | 48.2 (10.0) | 0.97 |
| Sex, female | n (%) | 1641 (57.3) | 833 (59.3) | 622 (56.3) | 186 (52.5) | 0.05 |
| Region of African ancestry | <0.001 | |||||
| East Africa | n (%) | 554 (19.3) | 432 (30.7) | 111 (10.1) | 11 (3.1) | |
| South Africa | n (%) | 765 (26.7) | 421 (29.9) | 292 (26.4) | 52 (14.7) | |
| Central Africa | n (%) | 157 (5.5) | 90 (6.4) | 58 (5.3) | 9 (2.5) | |
| West Africa | n (%) | 859 (30.0) | 237 (16.9) | 403 (36.5) | 219 (61.9) | |
| Caribbean | n (%) | 347 (12.1) | 134 (9.5) | 163 (14.8) | 50 (14.1) | |
| Other | n (%) | 182 (6.4) | 92 (6.5) | 77 (7.0) | 13 (3.7) | |
| HIV mode of acquisition | 0.04 | |||||
| Heterosexual | n (%) | 2347 (81.9) | 1170 (83.2) | 890 (80.6) | 287 (81.1) | |
| MSM | n (%) | 74 (2.6) | 36 (2.6) | 27 (2.4) | 11 (3.1) | |
| Vertical | n (%) | 232 (8.1) | 90 (6.4) | 115 (10.4) | 27 (7.6) | |
| Blood products | n (%) | 23 (0.8) | 14 (1.0) | 6 (0.5) | 3 (0.8) | |
| Unknown | n (%) | 188 (6.6) | 96 (6.8) | 66 (6.0) | 26 (7.3) | |
| Time since HIV diagnosis, years | mean (SD) | 14.0 (6.5) | 14.5 (6.6) | 13.7 (6.3) | 12.8 (6.4) | <0.001 |
| Previous AIDS | n (%) | 665 (24.0) | 333 (24.5) | 246 (22.9) | 86 (25.1) | 0.59 |
| Nadir CD4 cell count, cells/mm3 | median (IQR) | 200 (80–340) | 206 (90–337) | 203 (71–346) | 185 (70–315) | 0.41 |
| Recent CD4 cell count, cells/mm3 | median (IQR) | 560 (403-735) | 569 (408-744) | 558 (400-738) | 542 (388-703) | 0.14 |
| On antiretroviral therapy | n (%) | 2832 (98.9) | 1390 (98.9) | 1095 (99.2) | 347 (98.0) | 0.19 |
| HIV RNA <200 copies/ml | n (%) | 2669 (93.2) | 1326 (94.3) | 1016 (92.0) | 327 (92.4) | 0.06 |
| HBsAg positive | n (%) | 159 (5.6) | 63 (4.5) | 72 (6.6) | 24 (6.9) | 0.05 |
| Anti-HCV positive | n (%) | 35 (1.2) | 13 (0.9) | 18 (1.7) | 4 (1.2) | 0.28 |
| Diabetes | n (%) | 286 (10.1) | 157 (11.3) | 95 (8.7) | 34 (9.7) | 0.10 |
| Hypertension | n (%) | 915 (32.0) | 398 (28.3) | 342 (31.0) | 175 (49.4) | <0.001 |
| Cardiovascular diseasea | n (%) | 123 (4.3) | 56 (4.0) | 46 (4.2) | 21 (5.9) | 0.26 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 0.07 | |||||
| <18.5 | n (%) | 23 (0.8) | 9 (0.7) | 14 (1.3) | 0 (0.0) | |
| 18.5–24.9 | n (%) | 630 (22.4) | 328 (23.8) | 237 (21.7) | 65 (18.8) | |
| 25–29.9 | n (%) | 1016 (36.1) | 484 (35.1) | 393 (36.1) | 139 (40.3) | |
| >30 | n (%) | 1146 (40.7) | 559 (40.5) | 446 (40.9) | 141 (40.9) | |
| Smoking status | ||||||
| Never | n (%) | 2218 (77.4) | 1078 (76.7) | 852 (77.2) | 288 (81.4) | |
| Ex | n (%) | 321 (11.2) | 168 (11.9) | 122 (11.1) | 31 (8.8) | |
| Current | n (%) | 325 (11.3) | 160 (11.4) | 130 (11.8) | 35 (9.9) | |
| eGFR,b ml/min per 1.73 m2 | median (IQR) | 99 (83–116) | 102 (86–118) | 100 (84–115) | 87 (60–106) | <0.001 |
| >90 | n (%) | 1848 (64.5) | 956 (68.0) | 730 (66.1) | 162 (45.8) | <0.001 |
| 60–89 | n (%) | 795 (27.8) | 372 (26.5) | 317 (28.7) | 106 (29.9) | |
| 30–59 | n (%) | 106 (3.7) | 47 (3.3) | 34 (3.1) | 25 (7.1) | |
| 15–29 | n (%) | 16 (0.6) | 5 (0.4) | 5 (0.5) | 6 (1.7) | |
| <15 (ESKDc) | n (%) | 99 (3.5) | 26 (1.8) | 18 (1.6) | 55 (15.5) | |
| Urine PCR,d mg/mmol | median (IQR) | 8.6 (6 - 13.5) | 8.6 (6 - 13.7) | 8.5 (6 - 13.2) | 9 (6 -14.9) | 0.13 |
| <15 | n (%) | 2193 (79.3) | 1085 (78.6) | 879 (80.9) | 229 (76.6) | 0.36 |
| 15–49 | n (%) | 431 (15.6) | 223 (16.2) | 159 (14.6) | 49 (16.4) | |
| 50–99 | n (%) | 74 (2.7) | 37 (2.7) | 28 (2.6) | 9 (3.0) | |
| ≥100 | n (%) | 67 (2.4) | 35 (2.5) | 20 (1.8) | 12 (4.0) | |
| Urine ACR,d mg/mmol | median (IQR) | 0.7 (0.4–1.9) | 0.8 (0.4–1.7) | 0.7 (0.4–1.7) | 1 (0.5–3) | <0.001 |
| <3 | n (%) | 2189 (82.2) | 1103 (82.7) | 868 (83.7) | 218 (74.4) | <0.001 |
| 3–30 | n (%) | 375 (14.1) | 181 (13.6) | 142 (13.7) | 52 (17.7) | |
| >30 | n (%) | 99 (3.7) | 49 (3.7) | 27 (2.6) | 23 (7.8) | |
ACR, urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio; BMI, body mass index; CKD-EPI, Chronic Kidney Disease-Epidemiology Collaboration; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; ESKD, end-stage kidney disease; HBsAg, hepatitis B surface antigen; HCV, hepatitis C virus; IQR, interquartile range; MSM, men who have sex with men; PCR, urine protein-to-creatinine ratio.
Cardiovascular disease = composite of any previous history of myocardial infarction, coronary artery disease, peripheral vascular disease, stroke, heart failure, and cardiomyopathy.
eGFR calculated with CKD-EPI formula with correction of black ethnicity included.
ESKD = eGFR <15ml/min per 1.73 m2, dialysis for over 3 months, or having had a kidney transplant.
PCR and ACR do not include participants with ESKD.