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. 2022 Apr 12;16:831650. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2022.831650

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Copyright © 2022 Brunner, Macé, Montaldo and Urban.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Quantitative velocity measurement performed in vitro using polyimide tubes of various diameters. (A) The experimental set-up used blood mimicking fluid injected in 3 tubes of increasing diameter (104, 178, and 254 μm) to simulate the variety of cortical vessels. (B) Average Doppler spectrum for different flows ranging from 10 to 60 μl/min. (C) Measurement of velocities using ultrasound imaging for the three tubes (yellow: 104 μm, purple: 178 μm, orange: 254 μm). (D) Example of the velocity measured at different angles ranging from 10 to 45° for the tube of 254 μm diameter. The vertical line corresponds to the actual speed of the particles (14.2 mm/s). (E) Effect of the spectral broadening. Due to the spectral broadening, a horizontal tube (angle 0 in red) has a positive and negative spectrum. With an angle of 15°, the Doppler effect is higher than the spectral broadening and the spectrum is lateralized. (F) Effect of the laminar flow profile. The spectrum in the center of the tube (red) has a higher frequency than in the edge (black).