TABLE 2.

Frequently targeted brain regions for tES in Parkinson’s disease.

Brain cortex	Position in 10–20 EEG system	Reasons for targeting
Primary motor cortex (M1) (Boggio et al., 2006; Fregni et al., 2006; Dagan et al., 2018)	C3(left), C4(right), CZ	Motor: planning and execution of movement, dysfunction of M1 was found in PD (Ridding et al., 1995)
Bilateral dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) (Pereira et al., 2013)	F4 (right), F3(left)	Cognitive: execution function, impaired function of rDLPFC was found in PD (Li et al., 2016; Cai et al., 2021)
Supplementary motor area (sma) (Costa-Ribeiro et al., 2017; Kami et al., 2018; Sadler et al., 2021)	FCz	Motor: planning and execution of movement, connected to diverse cortical or subcortical brain regions (Liotti et al., 2003; Mure et al., 2012)
Pre supplementary motor are(pre-SMA) (Lohse et al., 2020)	Fz	Cognitive: execution function, connected to diverse cortical and subcortical regions (Gan et al., 2020; Nakamura et al., 2001)
Cerebellum (Workman et al., 2020)	Approximately in O1, O2, Oz	Sensorimotor and cognitive function, abnormal activity in PD (Rascol et al., 1997; Yu et al., 2007)
Sensorimotor are(SM) (Ishikuro et al., 2018; Del Felice et al., 2019)	CZ,T7, C3, P7 and P3 T8, C4, P8 and P4	Both cognitive and motor: integration of sensory and motor, controls movement. Impaired function in PD (Bagnato et al., 2006)