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Redundancy analysis (RDA) of fecal microbiota in dairy calves reared with different types of cow-calf contact at (A) day 7, (B) day 28, (C) day 49, (D) day 66. The RDA is fitted conditioned on the batch effect. Individual calves with no contact are represented by black dots, partial contact by blue dots, and full contact by red dots. Asterisks indicate significant differences (P < 0.05) between treatment groups within a sample moment as evaluated with a permutation test.
