Table 1.
Phenolic compounds found in C. japonica extracts, identification from different plant parts and associated bioactivities (Center, 2020).
| Compounds | Identification | Part | Associated bioactivities | Refs. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Phenolic acids | ||||
| Gallic acid | GC–MS | L, P, F | Antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer | (Kanth et al., 2014, Lee et al., 2005, Lee et al., 2016, Moon and Kim, 2018) |
| p-hydroxybenzoic acid | HPLC | F | Antioxidant, antimicrobial | (Nakajima, Itokawa, & Ikuta, 1984) |
| 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, 2,3-digalloyl-O-α-d-glucopyranoside, and 2,3-digalloyl-O-β-d-glucopyranoside | NMR, HPLC | F | Antioxidant | (Lee, Cho, Moon, & Park, 2011) |
| Flavonoids | ||||
| Quercetin | GC–MS | L, F | Antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antioxidant | (Kim, Jeong, & Shim, 2010, Lee et al., 2016, Moon and Kim, 2018, Piao et al., 2011) |
| Quercetin 3-O-β-d-galactopyranoside, quercetin 3-O-β-d-glucopyranoside | NMR, GC–MS | F, L | Antioxidant, anti-hyperuricemia | (Lee et al., 2011, Yoon et al., 2017) |
| Camellianoside | HPLC | L | Antioxidant, antiviral | (Onodera et al., 2006, Park et al., 2002) |
| Epicatechin | GC–MS | L, F | Antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antioxidant | (Kim et al., 2010; Lee et al., 2016, Moon and Kim, 2018, Piao et al., 2011) |
| Kaempferol | HPLC | F | Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anticancer, cardioprotective, neuroprotective, anti-diabetes | (Nakajima et al., 1984) |
| Kaempferol 3-O-β-d-galactopyranoside and kaempferol 3-O-β-d-glucopyranoside | NMR, GC–MS | F, L | Antioxidant, anti-hyperuricemia | (Lee et al., 2011, Yoon et al., 2017) |
| Kaempferol-3-O-β-d-xylopyranosyl(1 → 3)-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl(1 → 6)-O-β-d-galactopyranoside, kaempferol-3-O-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 6)-O-β-d-xylopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-O-β-d-galactopyranoside, kaempferol-3-O-β-d-xylopyranosyl-(1 → 3)-O-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 6)-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-O-β-d-gluctopyranoside, tsubakiosides A-D, camelliaside B | HPLC-PDA | S | Antioxidant, anti-aging | (Ko et al., 2020) |
| Sexangularetin | HPLC | F | Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anticancer | (Nakajima et al., 1984) |
| Anthocyanidins: cyanidin 3-O-(6-O-(E)-p-coumaroyl)-β-glucopyranoside, cyanidin 3-O-(6-O-(E)-p-coumaroyl)-β-galactopyranoside, cyanidin 3-O-(6-O-(E)-caffeoyl)-β-glucopyranoside, cyanidin 3-O-(6-O-(E)-caffeoyl)-β-galactopyranoside | HPLC | F | Antioxidant | (Li et al., 2009) |
| Tannins | ||||
| Camelliatannins A, B, C, H | NMR | L | Antiviral | (Yang et al., 2015) |
| Camelliatannins D, F, G | NMR | L | Antiviral | (Han et al., 1994, Hatano et al., 1991, Hatano et al., 1995) |
| Camelliins A and B | NMR | F | Antiviral | (Yoshida et al., 1990) |
Description. GC–MS: gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis; HPLC: high-performance liquid chromatography; NMR: nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy; TLC: thin-layer chromatography; HPLC-PDA: high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to photodiode array detector; // L: leaves; F: flowers; S: seeds; P: fruit peels.