Table 2.
Other bioactive compounds found in C. japonica extracts: identification from different plant parts and associated bioactivities (Center, 2020).
| Family | Compounds | Identification | Part | Associated bioactivities | Refs. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Terpenoids | |||||
| Tritepenoids | Squalene | GC–MS | L, B | Anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antioxidant | (Lee et al., 2016, Majumder et al., 2020, Moon and Kim, 2018, Thao et al., 2010) |
| Saponins | Camoreoside B | HCCC, RP-HPLC | S | Anti-obesity | (Ochiai et al., 2018) |
| Camoreoside C, G | HCCC, RP-HPLC | S | Anti-obesity | (Rho et al., 2019) | |
| Camelliasaponin C2 | HPLC, NMR | S | Anti-obesity | (Cui et al., 2018) | |
| Camelliasaponins A1, A2, B1, B2, C1, C2 | HPLC | S | Inhibition of alcohol absorption | (Yoshikawa et al., 1996) | |
| Theasaponin E1 | HPLC, GC–MS, LC-MS, NMR | S | Anti-obesity | (Cui et al., 2018) | |
| Camellidin | NMR | L | Antimicrobial | (Nagata et al., 1985) | |
| Oleanane triterpenes | Camelledionol, 3β-hydroxy-olean11,13(18)-diene-28-oic acid, 3β-acetoxyolean-12-ene-28-oic acid | HPLC, silica gel, RP-C18 | P, F | Anti-obesity, anti-diabetes, antiviral | (Uddin et al., 2014, Yang et al., 2015) |
| 3-β-O-acetyl-16β-hydroxy-12-oxoolean, 3-β-O-acetyl-16β-hydroxy-11-oxoolean-12-ene, 3-β-O-acetyl-16β-hydroxyolean-12-ene, 3-α-hydroxy-1-oxofriedelan, 3-oxofriedelan-1(2)-ene | NMR | S | Anticancer | (Thao et al., 2010) | |
| Camellioside D | NMR | F | Platelet aggregation control | (Yoshikawa et al., 2007) | |
| Fatty acids | |||||
| Saturated | Palmitic acid | GLC | O | Antiviral, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory | (Zeng & Endo, 2019) |
| Unsaturated | Oleic acid, linolenic acid | GC | O | Antihypertensive, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory | (Guo et al., 2018) |
| Pigments | |||||
| Carotenoids | Lutein, α-carotene, β-carotene | HPLC UV/VIS | L | Antimicrobial, antioxidant | (Taylor & McDowell, 1991) |
| Xanthophylls | Neoxanthin | TLC | F | Antioxidant | (Scogin, 1986) |
| Chlorophylls | Chlorophyll a, b | HPLC UV/VIS | L | – | (Taylor & McDowell, 1991) |
| Minor compounds | |||||
| Free sugars | Glucose, fructose, saccharose | HPLC RI | F | – | (Trinh et al., 2018) |
| Insoluble sugars | Arabinose, xylose | HPLC RI | F | – | (Trinh et al., 2018) |
| Vitamins | E | HPLC | L, S | – | (Saenjum et al., 2020) |
| Aminoacids | Aspartic acid, glutamic acid, histidine, alanine | FS | L | – | (Kim et al., 2005, Liu et al., 2020) |
| Minerals | Phosphorus, calcium, potassium, sodium, iron, manganese, zinc, aluminum, copper | FS | L | – | (Kim et al., 2005, Liu et al., 2020) |
Description. GC–MS: gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis; HCCC: high-performance countercurrent chromatography; RP-HPLC: reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography; HPLC: high-performance liquid chromatography; NMR: nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy; LC-MS: liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry; RP-C18: reverse phase-C18; GLC: gas liquid chromatography; GC: gas chromatography; HPLC UV/VIS: high-performance liquid chromatography equipped with a ultraviolet/visible detector; HPLC RI: high-performance liquid chromatography equipped with a refractive index detector; FS: flame spectroscopy; // L: leaves; B: bark; S: seeds; P: fruit peels; F: flowers; O: oil.