Table 4.
Adjusted HRs for Cardiovascular Outcomes by Cancer Site and Biological Sex
| All-Cause Mortality | CV Mortality | Acute MI | Stroke | Heart Failure | Pulmonary Embolism | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cancer (reference no cancer) | ||||||
| Gynecological | 5.92 (5.71-6.13) | 1.17 (1.02-1.35) | 0.87 (0.73-1.04) | 1.22 (1.14-1.30) | 1.19 (1.10-1.29) | 2.26 (2.14-2.38) |
| Genitourinary | 3.73 (3.65-3.81) | 1.20 (1.14-1.27) | 0.96 (0.90-1.02) | 1.31 (1.27-1.36) | 1.29 (1.24-1.33) | 2.26 (2.17-2.35) |
| Gastrointestinal | 13.04 (12.84-13.25) | 1.39 (1.31-1.48) | 1.00 (0.91-1.09) | 1.43 (1.37-1.50) | 1.73 (1.66-1.81) | 5.37 (5.18-5.56) |
| Breast | 3.48 (3.38-3.59) | 1.14 (1.05-1.23) | 0.98 (0.87-1.10) | 1.16 (1.10-1.22) | 1.26 (1.20-1.33) | 2.65 (2.53-2.77) |
| Thoracic | 31.16 (30.65-31.68) | 1.87 (1.71-2.05) | 1.60 (1.41-1.82) | 2.54 (2.39-2.69) | 3.11 (2.94-3.29) | 9.20 (8.79-9.64) |
| Hematological | 7.69 (7.51-7.87) | 1.59 (1.48-1.71) | 1.23 (1.11-1.37) | 1.72 (1.63-1.82) | 2.89 (2.76-3.02) | 4.73 (4.51-4.96) |
| Leukemia | 7.01 (6.70-7.32) | 1.45 (1.26-1.67) | 1.21 (1.01-1.46) | 1.57 (1.43-1.73) | 2.49 (2.29-2.71) | 4.23 (3.87-4.63) |
| Lymphoma | 7.55 (7.26-7.85) | 1.38 (1.21-1.57) | 1.05 (0.88-1.26) | 1.58 (1.45-1.72) | 2.63 (2.44-2.83) | 4.79 (4.46-5.15) |
| Other | 8.50 (8.18-8.84) | 1.96 (1.74-2.21) | 1.50 (1.26-1.79) | 2.07 (1.89-2.26) | 3.63 (3.38-3.90) | 5.17 (4.76-5.63) |
| Melanoma | 2.85 (2.71-3.00) | 1.02 (0.90-1.16) | 0.75 (0.63-0.89) | 1.26 (1.16-1.37) | 1.00 (0.91-1.11) | 1.64 (1.49-1.82) |
| Head and neck | 9.41 (8.98-9.88) | 1.93 (1.64-2.26) | 0.91 (0.71-1.16) | 1.57 (1.39-1.77) | 1.73 (1.53-1.96) | 3.55 (3.16-3.98) |
| Nervous system | 76.52 (73.00-80.21) | 3.24 (2.22-4.73) | 1.20 (0.68-2.11) | 11.20 (9.84-12.74) | 2.61 (1.96-3.48) | 18.75 (16.77-20.97) |
| Other | 15.32 (14.82-15.83) | 1.43 (1.21-1.68) | 0.71 (0.55-0.91) | 1.50 (1.35-1.65) | 1.56 (1.40-1.74) | 3.62 (3.33-3.93) |
| Women | ||||||
| Cancer (reference no cancer) | ||||||
| Gynecological | 6.38 (6.16-6.62) | 1.26 (1.09-1.44) | 1.00 (0.84-1.19) | 1.25 (1.17-1.33) | 1.28 (1.18-1.39) | 2.24 (2.12-2.36) |
| Genitourinary | 7.01 (6.66-7.38) | 1.34 (1.13-1.58) | 1.41 (1.11-1.78) | 1.56 (1.39-1.74) | 1.80 (1.62-2.00) | 3.44 (3.11-3.80) |
| Gastrointestinal | 13.31 (13.00-13.62) | 1.31 (1.18-1.45) | 1.09 (0.92-1.28) | 1.49 (1.39-1.60) | 1.75 (1.63-1.87) | 5.24 (4.97-5.53) |
| Breast | 3.48 (3.37-3.58) | 1.13 (1.04-1.22) | 0.95 (0.84-1.06) | 1.18 (1.12-1.24) | 1.26 (1.20-1.33) | 2.73 (2.61-2.86) |
| Thoracic | 30.54 (29.82-31.28) | 1.85 (1.61-2.12) | 2.32 (1.94-2.76) | 2.67 (2.47-2.90) | 3.28 (3.03-3.55) | 8.93 (8.39-9.52) |
| Hematological | 7.32 (7.06-7.60) | 1.42 (1.25-1.60) | 1.34 (1.11-1.62) | 1.75 (1.62-1.90) | 2.92 (2.72-3.12) | 4.47 (4.15-4.80) |
| Melanoma | 2.57 (2.36-2.79) | 0.87 (0.70-1.08) | 0.88 (0.64-1.21) | 1.21 (1.07-1.37) | 1.05 (0.90-1.22) | 1.71 (1.48-1.97) |
| Head and neck | 9.50 (8.67-10.40) | 1.95 (1.43-2.64) | 1.15 (0.65-2.02) | 1.52 (1.20-1.92) | 1.97 (1.57-2.49) | 3.59 (2.89-4.45) |
| Nervous system | 72.89 (67.60-78.59) | 3.90 (2.31-6.59) | 1.19 (0.39-3.71) | 10.23 (8.35-12.54) | 2.15 (1.30-3.57) | 13.83 (11.41-16.77) |
| Other | 15.70 (14.99-16.44) | 1.21 (0.93-1.57) | 0.94 (0.66-1.34) | 1.52 (1.33-1.73) | 1.58 (1.36-1.84) | 3.35 (3.00-3.73) |
| Men | ||||||
| Cancer (reference no cancer) | ||||||
| Genitourinary | 3.46 (3.38-3.55) | 1.22 (1.15-1.28) | 0.98 (0.92-1.05) | 1.28 (1.24-1.33) | 1.25 (1.21-1.30) | 2.09 (2.00-2.18) |
| Gastrointestinal | 12.92 (12.66-13.19) | 1.45 (1.34-1.58) | 0.98 (0.88-1.09) | 1.39 (1.31-1.47) | 1.72 (1.63-1.82) | 5.43 (5.19-5.69) |
| Breast | 4.31 (3.26-5.70) | 1.53 (0.80-2.94) | 0.75 (0.24-2.32) | 1.53 (0.91-2.59) | 1.42 (0.79-2.56) | 2.23 (1.16-4.29) |
| Thoracic | 32.02 (31.30-32.76) | 1.91 (1.68-2.16) | 1.23 (1.03-1.48) | 2.42 (2.22-2.63) | 2.98 (2.74-3.22) | 9.63 (9.01-10.30) |
| Hematological | 7.96 (7.72-8.21) | 1.72 (1.56-1.89) | 1.22 (1.08-1.38) | 1.70 (1.58-1.82) | 2.87 (2.70-3.04) | 4.91 (4.61-5.23) |
| Melanoma | 3.10 (2.90-3.31) | 1.16 (0.99-1.35) | 0.72 (0.59-0.90) | 1.31 (1.17-1.45) | 1.00 (0.88-1.13) | 1.58 (1.38-1.82) |
| Head and neck | 9.26 (8.75-9.79) | 1.90 (1.58-2.30) | 0.87 (0.67-1.14) | 1.56 (1.36-1.80) | 1.64 (1.41-1.90) | 3.41 (2.98-3.91) |
| Nervous system | 77.44 (72.90-82.26) | 2.71 (1.58-4.68) | 1.14 (0.59-2.18) | 11.79 (9.98-13.93) | 2.81 (1.99-3.98) | 22.66 (19.75-26.01) |
| Other | 15.38 (14.68-16.12) | 1.70 (1.38-2.09) | 0.60 (0.42-0.84) | 1.50 (1.29-1.74) | 1.60 (1.37-1.87) | 4.17 (3.67-4.73) |
Values are HR (95% CI). Reference group is the no-cancer group in all rows (HR: 1.0). Adjusted for baseline age, biological sex, neighborhood material deprivation quintile, rural or urban, distance to cancer center, and distance to family doctor, plus 31 comorbidities: alcohol misuse, asthma, atrial fibrillation, heart failure, severe chronic kidney disease, chronic pain, chronic pulmonary disease, dyslipidemia, viral hepatitis B, cirrhosis, severe constipation, dementia, depression, diabetes mellitus, epilepsy, gout, hypertension, hypothyroidism, inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, myocardial infarction, multiple sclerosis, severe obesity, osteoporosis, Parkinson’s disease, peptic ulcer disease, peripheral artery disease, psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, schizophrenia, and stroke or transient ischemic attack.
AMI = acute myocardial infarction; CV = cardiovascular.