Table 1.
Characteristics of each study
| Author | Study design | Number of patients (No. of feet) | Mean age (years, range) |
Mean follow-up (months, range) | Mean time to union (days, range) | Intervention | Bone union outcome (No. of feet) |
Functional outcome tool |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Patel et al. [31] | Retrospective Cohort | 52 (54) |
64 (36–78) |
14.2 (12.0–23.0) |
61 (93–201) |
Screw |
96.3% (52/54) |
MOXFQ |
| Singhal et al. [32] | Retrospective Cohort | 21 (21) |
63 (47–81) |
28.0 (13.4–48.2) |
81 (40–222) |
Screw |
95.0% (20/21) |
MOXFQ |
| Mohammed & Gadgil [30] | Retrospective Cohort | 21 (23) |
60 (31–84) |
17.0 (6.0–34.0) |
Unknown | Screw |
91.0% (21/23) |
AOFAS-HMI |
| Latif et al. [34] | Prospective Cohort | 36 (38) |
56 (20–74) |
15.0 (3.0–42.1) |
84 (42–112) |
Plate |
100.0% (38/38) |
MOXFQ, EQ-5D |
| Fazal et al. [33] | Retrospective Cohort | 26 (32) |
64 (40–78) |
49.0 (40.0–62.0) |
94 (42–183) |
Plate |
84.3% (27/32) |
AOFAS, FADI |
| Marudanayagam & Appan [35] | Retrospective Cohort | 51 (54) |
58 (28–74) |
14.8 (12.0–20.0) |
97 (91–183) |
Plate |
98.1% (53/54) |
AOFAS |
| Challagundla et al. [36] | Retrospective Cohort | 50 (55) |
63 (41–77) |
38.0 (12.0–73.0) |
84 (Unknown) |
Staple |
98.2% (54/55) |
FAAM ADL |
| Total/Mean | - | 257 (277) |
61 (20–84) |
25.1 (6.0–73.0) |
82.3a (40–222) |
- |
95.7% (265/277) |
- |
MOXFQ Manchester-Oxford Foot Questionnaire, AOFAS-HMI American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society-Hallux Metatarsophalangeal Interphalangeal, EQ-5D EuroQol–5 Dimensional, FADI Foot and Ankle Disability Index, FAAM ADL Foot and Ankle Mobility Measure (Activities of Daily Living)
a Mohammed & Gadgil [30] excluded from mean union time, as it is unknown