. 2022 Apr 26;22:366. doi: 10.1186/s12877-022-03050-2

Table 4.

Intervention effects on secondary outcomes

Outcome measure	Intervention Mean (SD), n	Control Mean (SD), n	Mean difference (95% CI)	P value
Falls Efficacy Scale-International (7–28)^{b c}
Baseline	9.7 (3.3) n = 307	9.4 (2.9) n = 309
3 months	9.1 (2.7) n = 262	9.2 (2.7) n = 250	0.50 (0.2–0.8)	0.004*
6 months	9.2 (2.8) n = 243	9.3 (2.9) n = 250	0.39 (0.001–0.8)	0.049*
12 months	9.1 (2.7) n = 231	9.4 (2.9) n = 235	0.46 (0.006–0.9)	0.047*
Quality of life – physical (SF12 physical component summary score)^{a c}
Baseline	48.0 (7.7) n = 304	47.8 (7.4) n = 298
3 months	48.5 (7.6) n = 257	48.1 (7.0) n = 243	−0.28 (−1.2–0.6)	0.534
6 months	48.0 (8.2) n = 238	47.7 (7.8) n = 244	0.26 (− 0.8–1.3)	0.633
12 months	48.5 (7.6) n = 227	47.2 (8.7) n = 228	−1.1 (−2.3–0.008)	0.052
Quality of life – mental (SF12 mental component summary score)^{a c}
Baseline	53.4 (5.7) n = 304	53.6 (5.4) n = 298
3 months	54.1 (5.6) n = 257	54.4 (5.3) n = 243	−0.1 (−1.1–0.8)	0.808
6 months	54.2 (5.3) n = 238	54.1 (5.1) n = 244	−0.7 (−1.6–0.3)	0.185
12 months	54.4 (5.0) n = 227	54.2 (4.8) n = 228	−0.1 (−1.1–0.8)	0.824
Physical activity, accelerometer (counts per minute)^a
Baseline	239.4 (110.6) n = 297	229.7 (103.4) n = 288
6 months	245.5 (111.0) n = 230	238.4 (112.9) n = 236	0.4 (−14.1–14.8)	0.960
12 months	248.6 (111.0) n = 205	245.5 (119.1) n = 193	3.2 (−10.7–17.0)	0.653
*Daily steps, measured with accelerometer(n)***^a
Baseline	5726 (2425) n = 297	5540 (2394) n = 288
6 months	5957 (2653) n = 231	5689 (2337) n = 236	−105 (− 429–219)	0.525
12 months	5958 (2532) n = 205	5916 (2638) n = 193	90 (−223–402)	0.572
Moderate-vigorous physical activity, minutes/day (measured with accelerometer)^{a c}
Baseline	18.9 (17.4) n = 297	17.2 (16.8) n = 288
6 months	20.0 (18.1) n = 231	17.6 (17.1) n = 236	−0.4 (−3.1–2.3)	0.775
12 months	19.8 (18.0) n = 205	19.0 (18.6) n = 193	0.3 (−2.1–2.8)	0.785
Total physical activity, hours per week^{a d}
Baseline	33.4 (19.1) n = 306	34.3 (19.2) n = 309
3 months	33.4 (19.4) n = 260	33.1 (18.1) n = 247	−1.1 (−3.6–1.5)	0.412
6 months	31.7 (17.3) n = 244	33.0 (17.6) n = 250	0.9 (−1.7–3.5)	0.494
12 months	31.3 (16.7) n = 229	32.5 (17.6) n = 235	0.9 (−1.7–3.6)	0.491
Planned physical activity (excluding walking), hours per week^{a c d}
Baseline	2.3 (3.8) n = 307	2.2 (3.4) n = 310
3 months	2.8 (3.8) n = 262	2.7 (3.1) n = 251	−0.2 (− 0.8–0.5)	0.575
6 months	2.7 (3.6) n = 244	2.4 (2.9) n = 250	−0.04 (− 0.7–0.6)	0.895
12 months	2.1 (3.1) n = 234	2.1 (3.5) n = 237	0.2 (−0.4–0.9)	0.514
Total walking, hours per week^{a c d}
Baseline	4.7 (5.6) n = 307	4.6 (4.8) n = 310
3 months	5.3 (6.7) n = 261	5.0 (4.7) n = 249	−0.2 (−1.2–0.8)	0.702
6 months	4.5 (4.2) n = 242	4.8 (5.1) n = 250	0.4 (−0.5–1.3)	0.350
12 months	5.1 (5.6) n = 234	5.0 (6.1) n = 237	−0.03 (−1.1–1.0)	0.951
Incidental physical activity (including walking), hours per week^{a d}
Baseline	28.4 (18.2) n = 306	29.3 (17.7) n = 309
3 months	27.7 (17.4) n = 261	27.4 (16.6) n = 246	−0.8 (−3.1–1.6)	0.519
6 months	26.2 (16.6) n = 243	28.2 (16.9) n = 246	1.5 (−1.0–4.0)	0.245
12 months	25.9 (16.0) n = 229	27.3 (16.2) n = 235	0.87 (−1.6–3.3)	0.487
Body Mass Index (BMI), kg/m²
Baseline	28.7 (5.2) n = 307	28.4 (5.1) n = 309
3 months	28.1 (5.1) n = 243	27.9 (4.8) n = 239	0.15 (−0.05–0.4)	0.132
6 months	28.3 (5.0) n = 209	28.1 (5.0) n = 213	−0.07 (− 0.3–0.1)	0.525
Short physical performance battery, 0-12^{a c}
Baseline	10.9 (1.5) n = 307	10.8 (1.5) n = 309
3 months	11.1 (1.4) n = 244	10.9 (1.3) n = 239	−0.06 (−0.3–0.1)	0.537
6 months	11.2 (1.4) n = 209	11.3 (1.1) n = 213	0.17 (−0.04–0.39)	0.108
Short physical performance battery-continuous summary performance score (CSPS), 0-3^c
Baseline	2.52 (0.22) n = 307	2.50 (0.23) n = 309
3 months	2.55 (0.23) n = 244	2.53 (0.19) n = 239	−0.01 (−0.04–0.02)	0.522
6 months	2.56 (0.24) n = 208	2.57 (0.17) n = 213	0.03 (−0.002–0.06)	0.070
Sit to stand, time for 5 sit to stands, sec^b
Baseline	11.8 (3.5) n = 300	12.0 (3.4) n = 303
3 months	11.0 (3.6) n = 235	11.4 (3.4) n = 234	0.15 (−0.35–0.66)	0.548
6 months	10.4 (3.6) n = 200	11.0 (4.2) n = 211	0.12 (−0.48–0.73)	0.688
Gait speed, time to walk 4 m, sec^b
Baseline	2.8 (0.7) n = 307	2.9 (0.8) n = 309
3 months	2.6 (0.7) n = 244	2.8 (0.6) n = 239	0.09 (0.003–0.19)	0.043*
6 months	2.7 (0.6) n = 208	2.8 (0.6) n = 213	−0.01 (−0.1–0.08)	0.819
Standing balance, sum of feet together, semi-tandem, tandem stance times, sec, 0-30^{a c}
Baseline	29.0 (2.9) n = 307	28.7 (3.5) n = 309
3 months	29.3 (2.3) n = 243	28.8 (2.9) n = 239	−0.19 (−0.71–0.32)	0.461
6 months	29.3 (2.8) n = 209	29.5 (1.7) n = 213	0.51 (−0.0002–1.0)	0.050
Single leg stance time, sec, 0-10^{a c}
Baseline	8.4 (2.7) n = 259	8.3 (2.8) n = 249
3 months	9.0 (2.3) n = 216	8.7 (2.3) n = 192	−0.32 (−0.86–0.22)	0.244
6 months	9.2 (2.0) n = 185	8.9 (2.3) n = 190	−0.21 (− 0.77–0.35)	0.463
Alternate step test, time for 8 steps onto 18 cm step^b
Baseline	8.3 (2.5) n = 302	8.4 (2.1) n = 302
3 months	7.7 (2.4) n = 236	8.1 (2.1) n = 237	0.26 (−0.06–0.58)	0.112
6 months	7.3 (2.1) n = 206	7.7 (2.3) n = 211	0.23 (−0.11–0.57)	0.189
Knee extension strength, right leg, kg^a
Baseline	16.1 (7.7) n = 307	14.6 (6.7) n = 309
3 months	17.4 (7.5) n = 244	16.5 (6.6) n = 239	−0.55 (−1.72–0.63)	0.361
6 months	17.6 (7.8) n = 207	16.2 (7.6) n = 211	−0.60 (−1.86–0.65)	0.344
Knee extension strength, left leg, kg^a
Baseline	15.4 (7.4) n = 305	14.1 (6.8) n = 309
3 months	16.9 (7.1) n = 240	15.8 (7.0) n = 239	−0.85 (−2.04–0.34)	0.160
6 months	16.6 (7.1) n = 206	15.2 (6.6) n = 212	−1.05 (−2.20–0.10)	0.072

^aHigher scores reflect better performance

^bLower scores reflect better performance

^cSkewed distribution

^dSelf-report measure using the Incidental and Planned Exercise Questionnaire (IPEQ)

^*Significant outcome