Figure 1.

Major applications and compositions of nanomaterials (NMs) interacted with the liver. NMs have been widely applied in industrial, commercial, and medical fields, which include bio-imaging, vaccines, and drug carriers. NMs have diverse compositions, which include metallic NMs including metal (Ag and Au nanoparticles) and metal oxide (MOx) NMs including transition-metal oxides (TMOs, e.g., SiO₂, Co₃O₄, and Mn₂O₃) and rare-earth oxides (REOs, e.g., Gd₂O₃, La₂O₃, and Y₂O₃) NPs, carbon NMs including one-dimensional carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and two-dimensional (2D) graphene-based NPs (graphene oxide, GO, and reduced graphene oxide, rGO), cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) and cellulose nanofiber (CNF), 2D transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) including MoS₂ and BN, and organic NMs including lipid NPs, liposomes, and polymer NPs.