Figure 10.

NMs-induced cellular responses in hepatocytes. Metallic NMs (e.g., Au, Ag, and ZnO NPs) could induce oxidative stress-mediated inflammatory responses, apoptosis, or necrosis; CNTs or CNCs could induce oxidative stress-mediated inflammatory responses and apoptotic cell death; rGOs could induce apoptosis via the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and oxidative stress pathways, while GOs induce apoptosis via the TGFβ1-mediated signaling pathway; Si and Fe-TA NPs could induce autophagic cell death.