Figure 11.

Cell type-specific responses induced by various NMs in the liver cells. High-level uptake of metal, MOx, CNTs, CNCs, MoS₂, etc., and REOs, GOs, SiO₂, etc., through phagocytosis, could induce apoptosis or pyroptosis in KCs, respectively. Low-level uptake of metal, MOx, GOs, MoS₂, BN, etc., through endocytosis, did not induce significant cell death in LSECs. However, the lower uptake of metal, MOx, GOs, etc., through endocytosis, has been shown to induce apoptosis in stellate cells. Similarly, hepatocytes have lower uptake of metal, MOx, CNTs, CNCs, GOs, Fe-TA, etc. through endocytosis, which could induce cell death via apoptosis, necrosis, or autophagic cell death.