Table 3.
Pregnancy-Induced Hypertension (PIH) stratified by maternal characteristics.
| Maternal characteristics | No. | PIH incidence (%)a |
AOR (95% CI)b |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FA | IFA | MMN | IFA vs. FA [Reference: FA] | MMN vs. FA [Reference: FA] | MMN vs. IFA [Reference: IFA] | ||
| Age group | |||||||
| 20–24 years | 13,508 | 7.1 | 5.8 | 5.9 | 0.81 (0.67, 0.96) | 0.83 (0.70, 0.99) | 1.03 (0.86, 1.26) |
| 25–29 years | 3614 | 7.5 | 7.5 | 7.6 | 1.02 (0.75, 1.39) | 1.02 (0.75, 1.39) | 1.01 (0.74, 1.38) |
| ≥30 years | 648 | 7.1 | 10.1 | 8.3 | 1.46 (0.72, 2.94) | 1.12 (0.53, 2.37) | 0.78 (0.39, 1.55) |
| Education | |||||||
| High school or higher | 3214 | 8.2 | 7.8 | 8.2 | 0.93 (0.68, 1.27) | 1.00 (0.73, 1.36) | 1.08 (0.78, 1.48) |
| Secondary | 14,278 | 6.8 | 6.1 | 5.9 | 0.89 (0.75, 1.05) | 0.86 (0.73, 1.02) | 0.97 (0.82, 1.16) |
| Primary school or lower | 278 | 12.4 | 3.0 | 6.8 | 0.16 (0.04, 0.71) | 0.38 (0.12, 1.24) | 2.36 (0.52, 10.65) |
| Hemoglobin level at first prenatal visit | |||||||
| <13.2 g/dL | 13,945 | 6.8 | 5.8 | 6.3 | 0.81 (0.72, 1.01) | 0.95 (0.80, 1.12) | 1.11 (0.97, 1.32) |
| ≥13.2 g/dL | 3825 | 8.3 | 8.3 | 6.1 | 0.96 (0.72, 1.28) | 0.69 (0.51, 0.93) | 0.71 (0.52, 0.96) |
| Mild anemia | 1000 | 8.5 | 6.7 | 8.7 | 0.81 (0.45, 1.44) | 1.09 (0.62, 1.93) | 1.37 (0.76, 2.48) |
| 20–24 years | 746 | 9.6 | 6.2 | 9.0 | 0.71 (0.36, 1.38) | 1.04 (0.55, 1.98) | 1.52 (0.76, 3.02) |
Bold indicate p < 0.05.
FA, folic acid; IFA, iron–folic acid; MMN, multiple micronutrient; BMI, body mass index; PIH, pregnancy-induced hypertension; AOR, adjusted odds ratio; 95% CI, 95% Confidential interval.
a
PIH was defined as any occurrence of either systolic blood pressure ≥140 mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mm Hg starting at or after 20 weeks of gestation among women with previously normal blood pressure prior to 20 weeks.
b
Adjusted for maternal age, gestational age at enrollment, BMI at first prenatal visit, hemoglobin level at first prenatal visit, compliance of supplementation, education, occupation, ethnicity except for the stratified factor.