FIG 4.

Intranasal NiV challenge and treatment with active TIPs. Hamsters were inoculated i.n. with 100 μL containing 10⁶ TCID₅₀ NiV strain Malaysia in combination with either 1 × 10⁸ active (treated with 100 mJ/cm² of UV) TIPs or no TIPs (mock treated). (A) Graphs represent the percent weight change from baseline (taken at −1 dpi) and body temperatures. Individual animals are represented. DI-07, red; DI-10, green; DI-14, blue; DI-35, orange; no TIP (mock treated), black; line indicates the mean value each day. (B) Clinical signs (scored from 0 to 10), with severity depicted by increasing intensity of red. Animals scoring ≥10 were humanely euthanized; any animals that succumbed to disease prior to euthanasia were allocated a score of 10. Gray boxes indicate the end of monitoring/scoring due to euthanasia/death. (C) Proportion of hamsters from each group that succumbed (euthanized due to clinical signs or found dead) to NiV disease (red) or survived to end of study at 28 dpi having displayed at least 1 day of clinical signs (blue) or no clinical signs (green). (D) Number of days that any hamster surviving to study end (28 dpi) exhibited clinical signs. Individual animals are represented, with lines indicating mean and standard deviation. Significance calculated by multiple t test; ****, P ≤ 0.0001. (E) Survival of hamsters in each group. In groups containing treated hamsters. Significance calculated by log-rank (Mantel-Cox) test as follows: ***, P ≤ 0.001; **, P ≤ 0.01; *, P ≤ 0.05.