The proportion of TH17 cells is changed in MCD diet-fed mice. Mice were fed a CD or an MCD diet for 3 weeks. (A) Flow cytometry analysis of IL-17+ CD4+ and RORγT+ CD4+ cells in the liver. (B) Flow cytometry analysis of IL-17+ CD4+ and RORγT+ CD4+ cells in the SI. (C) The mRNA levels of Il17a and Il17e/f in the SI were determined by qPCR. (D) SI mucosal DNA was extracted, and qPCR was used to analyze the level of 16S rRNA genes of Eubacteria, relative to the level of 18S rRNA genes in mice normalized to biopsy specimen size. The SFB groups were analyzed relative to the level of 16S rRNA. (E) The mRNA levels of Saa1, Saa2, and Saa3 in the SI were determined by qPCR. The relative mRNA levels were normalized to that of Gapdh. (F) Flow cytometry analysis of IL-17+ CD4+ and RORγT+ CD4+ cells in the colon. (G) The Il17a, Il17e/f, and Il17b mRNA levels in the colon were determined by qPCR. The relative mRNA levels were normalized to Gapdh levels. The data are expressed as means ± standard deviation (SD). Significance versus CD-fed mice: NS, not significant; *, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01; ***, P < 0.001.