Comparison of ligand-functionalized gold nanoparticles-based colorimetric sensors for Al³⁺ detection.

Ligand	Detection limit (μM)		Detection time (s)	Interference ions	Eliminating interference method	Ref.
	UV-vis	Naked eye
Diaminodiphenyl sulfone	0.62	—	—	Fe3+, Cr3+	—	36
Ascorbic acid	0.46	—	120	Ca2+	Using anion exchange resin	37
11-Mercap-to-undecanoic acid	0.57	20	1800	Ca2+, Mg2+, Pb2+	Using EDTA masking agent	38
5-Mercap-to-methyltetrazole	0.53	10	900	—	—	39
Poly(acrylic acid)	2	8	900	—	—	40
Triazole ether	0.018	5	600	—	—	41
Catechol	0.81	3.5	60	—	—	42
Xylenol orange	0.44	2.8	—	—	—	43
1,2,3-Triazole-4,5-dicarboxylic acid	0.015	1.5	90	Cr3+	Using DPC masking agent	This work